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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Certain human genital papillomaviruses (HPV) are strongly associated with cervical dysplasia and cancer. Evidence is accumulating that HPV infection and ano-genital cancers are more common in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The objective of our study was to evaluate the extent to which HPV infection and associated cervical disease constitute opportunistic complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a population of sexually promiscuous, HIV-infected women in Kinshasa, Zaire. In 1989 we obtained Pap smears and cervicovaginal lavage specimens for HPV DNA testing from 47 HIV-seropositive and 48 HIV-seronegative prostitutes who were part of a cohort under observation since 1988. Thirty-eight percent of the HIV-seropositive and 8% of the seronegative women (odds ratio = 6.8; p = 0.001) had HPV DNA detected by either ViraType, a dot-blot assay which detects specific genital HPV types, or low-stringency Southern blot, which detects all HPV types. Eighty-two women (86%) had an interpretable Pap smear; 11 of 41 (27%) HIV-seropositive women and one of 41 (3%) seronegative women had cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) (odds ratio = 14.7; p = 0.002). HIV seropositivity, HPV infection and CIN were highly associated. Eight (73%) of 11 seropositive women with CIN had HPV detected. Both HPV infection and cervical cancer may emerge as opportunistic complications of HIV infection in populations in which HIV, HPV and cervical cancer are common.
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PMID:Genital papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia--opportunistic complications of HIV infection. 130 59

Southern blot hybridization and/or PCR was used to examine tumor biopsies of 53 women with cervical or vaginal cancer at Ocean Road Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and the cervical swabs of 359 women with no cancer at the gynecologic clinic at Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences in Dar es Salaam. Tanzanian and German scientists wanted to determine whether an association existed between human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HIV, and whether the high prevalence of HIV infection was matched by a high prevalence of HPV infections, cervical dysplasias, and cervical cancer in HIV-positive cases. 59% of the noncancerous women had HPV-DNA. Young age and HIV infection were the greatest risk factors for HPV-DNA in these women (p .0001 for age and HPV-16/18; p = .08 for other HPVs; and p = .03 for HIV). 13.2% and 17.5% of all HPV infections were HPV types 16 and 18, respectively. Tanzania had the highest prevalence of HPV 18 ever reported. HPV-16/18 risk factors included: Trichomonas vaginalis infection (odds ratio [OR] = 2.23; p = .04), single status (OR = 2.55; p = .01), 16 years old or less at first intercourse (OR = 2.1; p = .03), and young age at menarche (OR = 6 for or=12 years old; p = .02 and OR = 3.25 for or=13 years old and or=16 years old; p = .05). Yet, the multivariate analysis revealed young age at menarche had the greatest effect (OR = 6.2 for or= 12 years old, p = .03; OR = 3.73 for or=16 years old, p = .08). 12.8% of noncancerous women tested positive for HIV-1, but none of them were obviously symptomatic. These HIV-positive women had a higher OR if they had HPV-16/18 than if they had other HPV types (4.25 vs. 2.02). Further, they did not have more cervical cytological abnormalities than did the HIV-negative women (overall cervical cytological abnormality rate - 2.8%). The HIV-positive rate for cancerous patients was only 3%. In conclusion, no association existed between HIV infection and cervical cytological abnormalities or cervical cancer.
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PMID:Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, HIV infection and cervical cancer in Tanzania, east Africa. 131 65

An increasing body of information permits certain conclusions to be drawn about the nature and magnitude of the interactions between HPV and HIV infections and their influence on the genesis of intraepithelial neoplasia and, to a lesser extent, cancer. Importantly, findings tend to be consistent across a number of independent studies. While HPV infection probably does not significantly alter the course of HIV infection, HIV-induced immunosuppression does increase the severity and duration of anogenital warts, increase their infectiousness and reduce treatment efficacy. However, in developed countries the countervailing effects of enhanced HPV infectiousness and declining rates of unsafe sexual behaviour have resulted in stable or declining incidence rates of anogenital warts. Advanced immunosuppression due to HIV infections results in highly significant increases in rates of HPV-associated CIN and AIN. In developed countries, population-based secular trend analyses point to increasing incidence rates of anal cancer in single men in areas of high HIV prevalence, but not yet of cervical cancer in women.
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PMID:Interactions between human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus infections. 133 Sep 10

There are now a number of lines of evidence giving support for a causal role of high-risk oncogenic HPV types in cervical cancer. However, it is clear that only a minority of women with HPV 16 infection, for example, develop invasive cancer. Therefore examination of whether sexually transmitted agents other than HPV are interacting in the genesis of cervical neoplasia is necessary. Serological methods which accurately reflect past exposure to individual agents are ideal for epidemiological studies. Sensitive and specific assays that are available for HSV 1, HSV 2, Treponema pallidum, CMV, HIV and Chlamydia are reviewed. Some data suggest an interaction of herpesviruses with HPV in oncogenesis which future epidemiological studies should address. However, at present the evidence is inadequate to prove the involvement of sexually transmitted agents other than HPV in the etiology of cervical neoplasia.
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PMID:Assessment of exposure to sexually transmitted agents other than human papillomavirus. 133 Sep 21

There are now sufficient data to conclude that women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and preinvasive stages of cervical cancer. This association is not completely due to immunosuppression. It is likely that HPV pathogenesis is altered in HIV-infected women. Preinvasive cervical neoplasia likely occurs more frequently in HIV-infected women because of several factors, including immunosuppression, viral interactions, and alterations in viral pathogenesis. As new treatments prolong the life of HIV-infected individuals, we must continue to be aware of and reactive to an increasing number of opportunistic complications of HIV infection, such as HPV infection and associated diseases.
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PMID:Human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and cervical cancer: newly recognized associations? 134 70

In the US and globally women are contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) the fastest. Worldwide, HIV is transmitted primarily through heterosexual intercourse. In the US, the proportion of women who have contracted AIDS by heterosexual transmission has increased from 11% in 1984 to 34% in 1990. Women are at a greater risk than men for transmission by heterosexual intercourse as the ratio of women to men who acquire AIDS by heterosexual transmission is 3 to 1. Furthermore, 25% of AIDS cases caused by heterosexual transmission or iv drug use occurs in women. Although women often develop HIV-related serious gynecologic problems, including cervical cancer and refractory vaginal candidiasis, these conditions do not fall within the Centers for Disease Control definition of AIDS. Women who have gynecologic symptoms are not diagnosed as having AIDS, are not eligible for AIDS benefits, and live half as long as men do once they are diagnosed as being HIV infected. Little is known about the characteristics of HIV infection or AIDS in women. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) seem to act as cofactors for HIV infection. The human papilloma virus or genital warts, the herpes simplex virus, syphilis, chancroid, recurrent vaginal candidiasis, abnormal Pap smears, cervical neoplasias, and pelvic inflammatory disease have been associated with HIV infection in women. HIV infection should be considered in all women with symptoms of any of these disorders. Nurses must first become aware of the clinical manifestations of HIV infection specific to women. Nursing interventions should educate about safer-sex including condom use with nonoxynol 9, and the risks of sharing needles. Strategies must be developed that provide empowerment skills and are sensitive to the women's cultural, religious, and ethnic background, beliefs, and values.
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PMID:Issues concerning women and AIDS: sexuality. 140 53

This study examines the use of herbal and other agents prior to sexual intercourse. This practice is thought to be common in central and southern Africa. The study comprises an analysis of the behavioural and psychological aspects of the practice. Structured interviews were conducted with 63 Zimbabwean women, 33 were attenders at an urban health clinic, 30 were nurses. Eighty-seven percent of the sample reported using herbs and other agents regularly as a preparation for sexual intercourse. The health and social consequences of such practices are examined; the problems of cervical cancer and HIV and their relation to these practices is discussed.
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PMID:The use of herbal and other agents to enhance sexual experience. 141 98

Alarming proportions of teenagers in Greenland start to have sex early in life, sleep with multiple partners, and do not use condoms regularly. There is a rather relaxed attitude toward casual sex among the general population in Greenland. There exists a commensurately high incidence of gonorrhea, syphilis, cervical cancer, and other sexually transmitted diseases. 8000 new cases of gonorrhea were diagnosed in 1987, but only 2000 new cases have been diagnosed annually since 1990. This latter incidence is still high for the total population of 55,000 which resides in scattered settlements along the west coast of the protectorate. Greenland is at high risk for a heterosexual HIV epidemic. Thus far, Greenland has benefited by a late introduction of HIV to the society, lack of drug abuse, few opportunities for homosexual contacts, good communication and information systems, good schools, and good health care. As of September 1991, 32 HIV-seropositives had been identified from a serosampled population of 18,000; 11 of the positives were female. Studies of youth's knowledge and sexual behavior were conducted in 1988 and 1989. This repeat study surveyed all students in vocational training and all 10th graders in public schools in April 1991 through self-administered questionnaires. The group of 1201 student respondents represents 85% of all individuals in the target groups. It should be pointed out that 10th grade is the last mandatory year of the elementary school system in Greenland and that 461 respondents were under age 18 and 740 were 18 years or older. 83% had had their sexual debut. Among the sexually experienced, 54% reported first having sex before the age of 15 years. 17% of males and 11% of females reported having more than 10 sex partners in the previous year. 26% of males and 42% of females reported more than 15 intercourses per month. Consistent or most of the time use of condoms was, however, reported by only 29% of males and 24% of females. Compared to earlier surveys, the age of sexual initiation declined and respondents reported both a greater number of sex partners and a higher frequency of sexual intercourse. Denmark, yet residing in Greenland. These findings indicate that while 5 years of intensive education and prevention campaigns have succeeded in improving health personnel, teacher, and student knowledge about AIDS, no marked change has taken place in the sexual habits of the young. It is, therefore, concluded that an AIDS prevention campaign must not be based exclusively upon the promotion of condom use, but should aim to stop the decline in age of sexual debut, reduce the degree of excessive sexual promiscuity, and address alcohol abuse. These steps must be taken now to had off a self-sustained HIV epidemic as the prevalence of HIV grows in this population.
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PMID:An update on knowledge and sexual behaviour among students in Greenland. Monitoring of the stop-AIDS campaign. 148 52

Reproductive health providers have long overlooked barrier and spermicide contraceptives, but they are rather effective when used consistently and correctly, have relatively few side effects, and protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV. The mean percentage of women who have an unplanned pregnancy during the first year, if they have correctly and consistently used condoms is 2%, 3% for spermicides, 6% for cervical cap and diaphragm, 6% for nulliparous users of the sponge, and 9% for parous users of the sponge. If they do not use these methods and/or spermicides properly, however, failure rates increase 3-7 times. New barrier methods and spermicides should help people overcome obstacles, e.g., sensitivity or allergy to latex. One condom manufacturer is developing nonlatex male condoms for those who are sensitive or allergic to latex or the chemicals added to latex during the manufacturing process. Another manufacturer has altered the male condom by adding a silicone-lubricated pouch of latex to fit loosely around the glans penis, thereby reducing sensation loss. A new barrier method is the cervical cap which fits and covers the cervix snugly. Female condoms empower women to protect themselves against pregnancy, STDs, and HIV. They should be available to the US market soon. Some research indicates that spermicide use with barrier methods poses a risk of urinary tract infections, but the benefits exceed the risk. Barrier and spermicide methods appear to protect against cervical cancer and pregnancy complications. In conclusion, reproductive health providers need to realize their role in controlling patient use of barriers and spermicides, as well as the important role barrier methods play in protecting against pregnancy and STDs. Therefore, they should encourage patients to use the new methods and teach them to use them effectively.
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PMID:New condoms for men and women, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides: overcoming barriers to barriers and spermicides. 150 71

5-Alkoxymethyluracils 2a-c have been prepared by acid-catalyzed etherification of 5-hydroxymethyluracil (1). Compounds 1, 2a-c, 5-methoxymethyl- and 5-benzyloxymethyl-uracil were silylated and coupled with 1,5-di-O-acetyl-3-phthalimido-2,3-dideoxy-beta- D-erythro-pentofuranose (3), in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate as a catalyst, to give the corresponding 3'-phthalimido-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides 5a-f and 6 which on treatment with 33% methylamine-ethanol afforded the corresponding 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides 7a-f and 8 in high yields. Compound 7d showed colony inhibition when tested against human epidermoid cervical cancer cells. Nucleosides 5a-e, 7a-f and 8 did not show any significant activity against HIV-1.
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PMID:Synthesis of 5-alkoxymethyl derivatives of 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and evaluation of their activity against HIV and cancer. 159 98


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