Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aspirin, along with its analgesic-antipyretic uses, is now also being considered for prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Although many of aspirin's pharmacological actions are related to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis, some of its beneficial therapeutic effects are not completely understood. Transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) is critical for the induction of neoplastic transformation and induction of multiple genes involved in inflammation and infection. We have used the JB6 mouse epidermal cell lines, a system that has been used extensively as an in vitro model for the study of tumor promotion and anti-tumor promotion, to study the anti-carcinogenesis effect of aspirin at the molecular level. Aspirin and aspirin-like salicylates inhibited the activation of AP-1 in the same dose range as seen for the inhibition of tumor promoter-induced transformation. The inhibition of AP-1 and tumor promoter-induced transformation in JB6 cells occurs through a prostaglandin independent- and an Erk1- or Erk2-independent pathway. The mechanism of AP-1 and transformation inhibition in this cell culture model may involve the elevation of H+ concentration. The inhibition effects on the activation of AP-1 activity by aspirin and aspirin-like salicylates may further explain the anti-carcinogenesis mechanism of action of these drugs.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of activator protein 1 activity and neoplastic transformation by aspirin. 909 36

In 1991, the National Black Nurses Association was awarded a contract from the Division of Nursing, United States Department of Health and Human Services to develop a community education program addressing eight Healthy People 2000 objectives. Healthy People 2000 is the United States Public Health Services's statement of national priorities for improving the health of all Americans. It provides a framework to reduce preventable deaths and disabilities, and equalize disparities in health status for specific populations. The NBNA Board of Directors chose to address five priority areas: infant mortality, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and recruitment and retention of Blacks in nursing. For each area, specific nursing responsibilities were identified: health promotion, health protection, disease prevention, preventive clinical services, and surveillance and data requirements. The authors developed a model for implementation of the NBNA's Healthy America Report recommendations. The model and data from program implementation are presented with commentary on the efficacy of community partnership models to achieve preventive health goals.
 ...
PMID:National Black Nurses Association community collaboration model. 912 38

AIDS in children most often results from the transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her newborn infant. The number of HIV-infected infants and children is increasing. This chapter addresses the natural history of the disease, opportunistic and other infections in afflicted patients, lymphoproliferative syndromes, cardiovascular disease, HIV nephropathy, gastrointestinal pathology, neuropathologic findings, and neoplasms. The authors emphasize that the autopsy is a powerful research tool that allows systematic and thorough review of AIDS cases.
 ...
PMID:Pathology of pediatric AIDS. 942 Sep 32

In response to the 1994 cholera outbreak that swept through Rwandan refugee camps near Goma, Zaire, in 1994, the World Health Organization explored the immunogenicity of a new generation of single-dose, live oral cholera vaccines. One such vaccine, CVD 103-HgR, has been evaluated in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, but not in sub-Saharan Africa or in individuals infected with HIV. Therefore, the present study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of this new vaccine in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover clinical trial in Mali. Enrolled were 38 HIV-positive individuals without full-blown AIDS and 387 HIV-negative adults. Adverse reactions (fever, diarrhea, and vomiting) occurred with equal frequency in vaccine and placebo recipients. The vaccine strain was not isolated from the coprocultures of any subject. The baseline geometric mean titre (GMT) of serum vibriocidal antibody was significantly lower in HIV-positive subjects (1:23) than HIV-negatives (1:65). Significant rises in vibriocidal antibody were observed in 71% of HIV-seronegatives and 58% of HIV-positives and in 40% of HIV-positives with CD4 counts below 500/mcl. After immunization, the peak vibriocidal GMT in HIV-negative subjects was 1:584 compared with 1:124 in HIV-positive subjects. In HIV-positives with a CD4 count below 500/mcl, the peak vibriocidal GMT was 1:40. Although serologic responses were significantly attenuated among HIV-positive subjects, especially those with CD4 counts below 500/mcl, CVD 103-HgR was safe in HIV-infected Malian adults. Further evaluations of this single-dose oral cholera vaccine are recommended in high-risk populations such as refugees in sub-Saharan Africa.
 ...
PMID:A single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR is safe and immunogenic in HIV-infected and HIV-noninfected adults in Mali. 961 98

Priority health-risk behaviors, which contribute to the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among youth and adults, often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, and are interrelated. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults--behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection); unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes a national school-based survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as state, territorial, and local school-based surveys conducted by education and health agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 33 state surveys, 3 territorial surveys, and 17 local surveys conducted among high school students from February through May 1997. In the United States, 73% of all deaths among youth and young adults 10-24 years of age result from only four causes: motor vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the national 1997 YRBSS demonstrate that many high school students engage in behaviors that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes--19.3% had rarely or never worn a seat belt; during the 30 days preceding the survey, 36.6% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol; 18.3% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey; 50.8% had drunk alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey; 26.2% had used marijuana during the 30 days preceding the survey; and 7.7% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity among school-age youth, young adults, and their children also result from unintended pregnancies and STDs, including HIV infection. YRBSS results indicate that in 1997, 48.4% of high school students had ever had sexual intercourse; 43.2% of sexually active students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse; and 2.1% had ever injected an illegal drug. Of all deaths and substantial morbidity among adults greater than or equal to 25 years of age, 67% result from two causes--cardiovascular disease and cancer. Most of the risk behaviors associated with these causes of death are initiated during adolescence. In 1997, 36.4% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey; 70.7% had not eaten five or more servings of fruits and vegetables during the day preceding the survey; and 72.6% had not attended physical education class daily. These YRBSS data are already being used by health and education officials to improve national, state, and local policies and programs to reduce risks associated with the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. YRBSS data also are being used to measure progress toward achieving 21 national health objectives and one of the eight National Education Goals.
 ...
PMID:Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance--United States, 1997. State and Local YRBSS Coordinators. 985 92

In three patients, a 36-year-old HIV seropositive homosexual man and two women aged 35 and 59 years who had acquired HIV infection through heterosexual contact, signs of lipodystrophy developed after prolonged anti-HIV triple therapy. The observed syndrome is seen after prolonged use of HIV protease inhibitors: it is characterized by peripheral fat wasting, central fat accumulation, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance. Typically the subcutaneous fatty tissue disappears resulting in prominent zygomata, veins and muscles and thinning of extremities and buttocks. In addition to abdominal fat accumulation, there have been reports on the occurrence of a dorsocervical fat pad, the so-called buffalo hump. Lipodystrophy caused by protease inhibitors is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recognition of the syndrome is essential for adequate follow-up and possible treatment.
 ...
PMID:[Lipodystrophy and 'buffalo hump' during treatment with HIV protease inhibitors]. 1006 60

Our evolving understanding of how psychosocial and behavioral factors affect health and disease processes has been marked by investigation of specific relationships and mechanisms underlying them. Stress and other emotional responses are components of complex interactions of genetic, physiological, behavioral, and environmental factors that affect the body's ability to remain or become healthy or to resist or overcome disease. Regulated by nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, and exerting powerful influence on other bodily systems and key health-relevant behaviors, stress and emotion appear to have important implications for the initiation or progression of cancer, HIV, cardiovascular disease, and other illnesses. Health-enhancing and health-impairing behaviors, including diet, exercise, tobacco use, and protection from the sun, can compromise or benefit health and are directed by a number of influences as well. Finally, health behaviors related to being ill or trying to avoid disease or its severest consequences are important. Seeking care and adhering to medical regimens and recommendations for disease surveillance allow for earlier identification of health threats and more effective treatment. Evidence that biobehavioral factors are linked to health in integrated, complex ways continues to mount, and knowledge of these influences has implications for medical outcomes and health care practice.
 ...
PMID:Health psychology: mapping biobehavioral contributions to health and illness. 1007 76

Twenty-one women (propositi) who expressed serious concerns about changes in body habitus during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were evaluated by thorough physical examination, anthropometric measurements, and serum lipid and endocrine assays. The same evaluations were carried out in a comparison group of 21 women who received HAART but did not complain of changes in habitus. No significant demographic differences were found between the propositi and the comparison group, nor were there significant differences in CD4 count or plasma viral load (PVL) between the two groups. Lipid analyses were also performed on plasma obtained prior to HAART from 12 of the women. The frequency of changes reported by the 21 propositi were increase in abdominal size (90%), increase in breast size (71%), weight gain of >5 kg (43%), peripheral fat wasting (43%), buttock fat wasting (38%) and development of cervicodorsal fat pad (19%). A subset of patients in the comparison group experienced increase in abdominal size (29%) and weight gain >5 kg (19%), but none experienced clinically detectable peripheral or buttock fat wasting, increased breast size, or development of cervicodorsal fat pads. Mean waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), body fat, and body mass index (BMI) were above the desirable range for women in both propositi and the comparison group. Levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol associated with increased cardiovascular risk were found in 48%, 62%, 45%, and 33%. respectively, of the propositi, with similar findings in the comparison group. Fasting insulin levels were elevated in 4 propositi and 6 of the comparison group; mean insulin levels were within the normal range for both groups. In the comparison of lipids for the subset of patients before and after HAART therapy, HAART was associated with significant increases in total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and HDL cholesterol. Changes in body habitus caused by redistribution of fat occur commonly in women receiving HAART. Serum lipid abnormalities also are common during HAART and appear to be as frequent in women who do not experience clinically apparent body fat redistribution as in those who do. The observed changes in body fat distribution and in serum lipid levels are alterations that have been strongly correlated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, an understanding of the basis of these phenomena, and the risks with which they may be associated in this population, will be important for therapeutic decision making in women with HIV disease.
 ...
PMID:Changes in body habitus and serum lipid abnormalities in HIV-positive women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). 1036 Aug 1

Glutathione (GSH) is the primary antioxidant in humans. Oxidative cellular injury is postulated to be centrally involved in diverse processes including aging, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease progression. Normal plasma GSH concentrations have been well characterized in healthy children and adults, but not during infant development. The objectives of this study were to: a) measure plasma GSH concentrations in non-infected infants born from HIV-infected mothers, to b) assess the developmental variations with age and gender, and c) evaluate for possible associations with growth, anemia, and other maternal and infant variables. One hundred and seventy (170) plasma samples from 44 HIV-uninfected infants (birth to 18 mos.) born to HIV-infected mothers from the Women and Infant Transmission Study (Puerto Rico site) were analyzed. The total plasma GSH geometric mean concentration for all samples analyzed was 1.94 (1.06) mumoles/L. A developmental effect of age was seen with lower concentrations in younger infants (0-2 months) than in older infants 4-18 months. There was no significant effect of gender, anemia, zidovudine exposure, maternal age, maternal CD4 cell percent, or infant growth, although a trend towards increasing GSH concentration was seen with increasing weight for height z-score. These findings have multiple clinical ramifications including prediction of capacity to detoxify oxidants at different ages, and partial explanation for the increased viral loads seen in HIV-infected infants.
 ...
PMID:Plasma glutathione concentrations in non-infected infants born from HIV-infected mothers: developmental profile. 1054 71

One of the major goals of Healthy People 2000 is to reduce health disparities among Americans. All-cause death counts and mortality rates for Wisconsin by age and gender were obtained by accessing the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) mortality information via WONDER, the CDC's web-based link to its databases. Mortality trends from 1980 to 1995 were assessed by gender and age overall, and for the leading causes of death. Indirect age standardization was used to assess changes in the mortality rates. From 1980 to 1995, mortality rates declined for males and females and in every age group in Wisconsin, leading to almost 5000 fewer deaths than expected in 1995. Although mortality rates continue to be higher among males in every age group, the rates are declining twice as fast among males (13%) than females (7%). There were 3721 fewer deaths among males, accounting for about 75% of the decline in deaths. This disparity resulted from differences in mortality trends from motor vehicle accidents and HIV among young adults and cardiovascular disease and cancer among older adults. Public health needs to carefully monitor mortality trends to assure that progress in disease prevention is achieved for males and females of all ages.
 ...
PMID:Gender disparities in mortality trends, Wisconsin, 1980-1995. 1063 95


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>