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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human viral pathogen of considerable importance. More than 95% of the human population world-wide becomes infected with the virus during childhood, although in the West infection may be delayed until adolescence. The infection only has an undesirable significant clinical outcome in a tiny minority of cases, but because the virus is so ubiquitous the minority is numerically very significant. The virus is associated with two important human cancers, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). These diseases have a very clearly defined geographical distribution in the Third World indicating a strong co-factor dependence. In the West, Epstein-Barr virus infection, when delayed to adolescence, is associated with infectious mononucleosis. The virus is also associated in the West with tumours arising in individuals undergoing immunosuppressive treatment or who are immunosuppressed as a result of HIV infection. More recently evidence has been obtained of an association with Hodgkin's disease which is very common in the West. A number of vaccines have been developed based on the EBV envelope glycoprotein gp340. Vaccination of those populations at risk from developing NPC or BL should lead to a reduction or elimination of these diseases. A safe and effective vaccine may also have a role in the prevention of EBV-related diseases in the West. Recombinant vaccinia, varicella and adenovirus vaccine vectors expressing gp340 are being developed and a recombinant-derived subunit vaccine based on the gp340 molecule is shortly to enter phase I human trials.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus vaccines. 132 99

The focus of infection with HIV is the lymphatic system, resulting in a specific HIV-related pathology in the parotid. Of the salivary glands, the parotid gland is unusual in including lymphoid tissue within its capsule. Infection by HIV is accompanied by a characteristic follicular hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue which can be recognized histologically as primary HIV lymphadenopathy and presents clinically as persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. Subsequent opportunistic infections and HIV-related neoplasia can result in secondary HIV lymphadenopathy. Parotid lymph nodes reflect these HIV-related changes. Diffuse enlargement of the parotid glands are further manifestations of HIV infection. All patients who presented to a general surgical unit of the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, over the 2-year period of 1989-1991 were studied in a prospective clinicopathological study of lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of HIV infection was made clinically and with a single serological test. Parotid lymphadenopathy was present in 69 of 261 HIV-seropositive patients with generalized lymphadenopathy who underwent lymph node biopsy during the 2-year period. In all but one patient, biopsy of a node other than the parotid provided the histological diagnosis. 9 patients presented with bilateral parotid enlargement. 8 of the patients had generalized lymphadenopathy caused by primary HIV lymphadenopathy in 5, Kaposi's disease in 2 and tuberculous lymphadenitis in 1. 4 patients presented with multiple cystic parotid lesions of between 1 month and 4 years duration. Unilateral extraparotid lymphoepithelial cysts of a diameter of 2 and 3 cm were removed from the jugulodigastric area of 2 patients with generalized lymphadenopathy. Parotid disease not related to HIV included: 1 case each of papillary carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma; 7 patients with parotid lymph nodes, and 3 patients with diffuse bilateral parotid enlargement.
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PMID:Parotid disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zambia. 836 52

Review of reports of thyroid tissue sent for histopathology to the Department of Pathology at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka (UTH) by one of the five general surgical units at the institution during the period January 1981-December 1990 shows a 20pc decrease in the incidence of colloid goitre and doubling of the incidence of the adenoma and carcinoma when compared to the study done at the Central Hospital, Kitwe in the late sixties. In our study for the general pathology of the thyroid gland female to male ratio is 7.4:1; 1.25:1 when only thyroid cancers are considered. The incidence of papillary carcinoma is substantially lower than in the west. Recently, there has been an increased incidence of thyroid abscesses associated with HIV infection. Knowledge of the local pattern of surgical pathology of an organ is important for planning the operative management more effectively but in many developing countries, such as ours, this information is not readily available. Goitre is common in Zambia and to our knowledge to date there is only one comprehensive report done during the period January 1966, to March 1971. This deals with the Northern and Western regions of the country. This study was undertaken to look into the surgical pathology of the thyroid gland seen at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, which is in the central part of the country.
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PMID:The changing pattern of surgical pathology of the thyroid gland in Zambia. 139 6

We report the first known case of syphilitic gastritis in an HIV-infected person. The presentation of nonspecific abdominal pain and weight loss in a 48-yr-old former intravenous drug user previously treated for asymptomatic syphilis led to a barium swallow which demonstrated linitis plastica. Upper endoscopy reinforced a suspicion of carcinoma, but biopsy made the diagnosis of syphilis by silver staining. Further testing revealed a positive serology for syphilis as well as HIV infection with a depressed CD-4 lymphocyte count. Treatment with parenteral penicillin led to a rapid resolution of symptoms. This case represents a rare complication of late syphilis, and is another example of the unusual manifestations of syphilis seen in the HIV-infected population.
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PMID:Syphilitic gastritis in an HIV-infected individual. 144 50

Tuberculous infection of the oesophagus is rare. This is confirmed by our present review of cases managed in our teaching hospitals over a period of 18 years which uncovered only 11 patients. The main presentation is that of dysphagia whose algorithm of investigation should seek to differentiate tuberculosis from carcinoma, the more common cause of this symptom. Of the 11 patients, 9 presented with dysphagia while 2 had haemorrhage; 7 had an abnormal plain chest radiograph, of whom 4 had a mediastinal mass lesion (3 were lymphadenopathy and one an abscess). All but one had an abnormal radio-contrast oesophagogram, including a mediastinal sinus in two and a traction diverticulum in another two. The mainstay of investigation was oesophagoscopy through which diagnostic biopsy material was obtained in half of the patients. In the other half diagnosis was by either biopsy of associated mediastinal (3) or cervical (1) lymph node masses or by acid fast bacilli positive sputum (1). The diagnosis was established post-mortem in one patient. Treatment was primarily non-operative with standard anti-tuberculosis drug therapy. Two patients underwent a diagnostic thoracotomy and one a drainage of mediastinal abscess together with resection and repair of oesophago-mediastinal sinus during the early part of the series. Outcome of management was very rewarding in 9 patients and death occurred in 2 patients, one of whom had his anti-tuberculosis drug therapy interrupted by severe hepatitis B virus infection. The other death occurred in a patient whose haemorrhage from an aorta-oesophageal fistula was not established ante-mortem. It is recommended that when biopsy material of the oesophagus is unobtainable or non-diagnostic in patients with dysphagia, especially with an abnormal chest radiograph or human immunodeficiency virus infection, effort should be made to obtain biopsy material from associated lymph nodes, even by thoracotomy if necessary, or culture of biopsy from the radiologically abnormal part oesophagus and sputum for mycobacteria, in order to establish the diagnosis of this rare but eminently treatable cause of dysphagia. Clinicians should be aware of tuberculosis of the oesophagus as a possible cause of haematemesis in patients with otherwise unexplained upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
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PMID:Oesophageal tuberculosis: a review of eleven cases. 157 Feb 50

It is reported the case of a 39 year old male, non homosexual, seropositive to HIV due to polytransfusion, without AIDS diagnostic criteria and with a severe depression in cellular immunity, expressed as lowering in CD4+ T cells, and in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, who showed, without having any risk-factors, a squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. We review the cases reported in the scientific literature on the association between squamous-cell carcinoma and AIDS or HIV infection.
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PMID:[Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and HIV infection]. 162 Sep 23

The phenotype and cytotoxic activity of lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) from the colorectal mucosa have been investigated primarily to analyse the role of LPL in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The results reported here show that LPL strictly required a proliferative stimulus [either interleukin-2 (IL-2) or phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) to develop strong in vitro cytotoxicity, since freshly isolated LPL do not exhert cytotoxicity against either natural killer (NK)-sensitive or NK-resistant target cells. The cytotoxicity of activated LPL against a large panel of myeloid tumours or colorectal carcinoma target cells shows the irrelevance of the tissue origin of target cells. Moreover, activated LPL lysed HIV-infected H9 cells more efficiently than peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and were susceptible to HIV infection. In contrast, unstimulated LPL failed to be cytotoxic and susceptible to HIV. Thus, we strongly suggest that for the lymphocytes of the colorectal mucosa expression of cytotoxic activity and susceptibility to HIV-infection show two faces of the same coin, and therefore may be relevant in understanding the mechanisms and paths of transmission of HIV infection.
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PMID:Cytotoxic activity of intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cells. 162 89

The inhibitory effects of expression plasmids on HIV-1 replication were studied in a transient assay system. Test plasmids were co-microinjected with non-defective proviral HIV-1 DNA into a colon-carcinoma cell line (SW480) and the resulting infectious HIV-1 was quantitated after amplification in cocultivated CD4+ MT-4 cells. At a molar ratio of 1:1 and 5:1 plasmids capable of expressing a 410 bp HIV-1 fragment as antisense or sense transcript respectively both specifically inhibited HIV-1 replication up to 70%. This effect was specific for HIV-1 sequences and was not observed upon expression of unrelated RNA-segments. At a molar excess equal to or greater than 15:1, additional inhibitory effects were seen with control plasmids carrying only the strong human cytomegalovirus immediate early (HCMV IE) promoter/enhancer element. The reasons for these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by RNA transcribed in sense and antisense orientation from the 5'-leader/gag region. 169 76

A major question in the pathogenesis of AIDS encephalopathy and dementia is whether HIV-1 directly infects cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The propagation of HIV was attempted in six cell lines: three related and three unrelated to the nervous system. HIV was able to propagate in two human neuroblastoma cell lines and a lymphocytic cell line control but did not result in infections of African green monkey kidney cells, human cervix carcinoma cells, and one human brain astrocytoma cell line. Neuroblastoma cell lines infected with HIV showed peaks of reverse transcriptase activity at 10-14 days postinfection. After prolonged growth in cell cultures, one of the neuroblastoma cell lines showed multiphasic virus production, additional high peaks of reverse transcriptase activity, 20-fold greater than the first, lasting from 36 to 74 days and 110 to 140 days postinfection. The presence of HIV was confirmed by p24 antigen capture. The neuroblastoma cell lines had weak but detectable levels of CD4 immunoreactivity by immunoperoxidase and flow immunocytometric analysis. Although no T4-specific RNA sequences were detected by hybridization of Northern blots of total and poly A-selected RNA extracted from the two neuroblastoma cell lines by using a T4 specific complimentary DNA probe, monoclonal antibodies to the CD4 receptor blocked HIV infection in both neuroblastoma cell lines. Thus, the infection of neuroblastoma cells by HIV occurs in part by a CD4-dependent mechanism. Passaging the neuroblastoma cell lines weekly and bimonthly resulted in similar cell cycle-DNA content patterns for the more permissive cell line and with significant numbers of cells in the S phase. HIV-infected neuroblastoma cell lines provide an in vitro model for the evaluation of virus-host cell interactions and may be useful in addressing the issue of the persistence of HIV in the human CNS.
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PMID:HIV-1 propagates in human neuroblastoma cells. 170 60

HIV infects susceptible T-cell and mononuclear phagocyte targets. Unlike the dramatic changes that occur with T-cells during HIV disease, changes in monocyte and macrophage phenotype and function are qualitatively minimal. The aim of the study was to quantitatively analyze the morphology of macrophages in broncho-alveolar lavages in patients without AIDS, with AIDS, with AIDS complicated by Pneumocystis carinii and in carcinoma patients. In patients with AIDS, the nuclei of macrophages demonstrate a higher integrated optical density (2P less than 0.10), are bigger in size (2P less than 0.05) and have less notches (2P less than 0.02).
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PMID:[Morphology and function of macrophages in AIDS in broncho-alveolar lavages (BAL)]. 172 12


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