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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nonhuman primate lentiviruses are the source of the HIV/AIDS (HAIDS) pandemic among humans. Thus HAIDS constitutes a zoonosis. Opportunistic infections which generally are the immediate cause of death in HAIDS patients tend to be zoonoses. Some of these include tuberculosis, cryptococcosis, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis. Pneumocystis carinii, Listeria monocytogenes, and candidiasis. The HAIDS viral ecology paralleled the intense migration of African swine fever into the Caribbean and the continental Americas. Haitian laborers and prostitutes went to Zaire and later returned. Sexual tourism in Haiti and poor Haitian selling their blood for transfusions and production of plasma derivatives to be marketed to developed countries such as the US and France contributed to the spread of HAIDS from Haiti to developed countries. Thus African swine fever and HAIDS originated in this hemisphere from Haiti after being bought to Haiti from Africa. HAIDS began as an endemic regional disease in Africa then became a regional epidemic disease. After African countries gained independence, urbanization increased in Africa which accounted for the spread of HAIDS in each African country. The US and the USSR played their geopolitical games using and/or resulting in famine, war, and disrupted families on the African continent and elsewhere. Thus husbands from 1 continent were moved to armies and labor camps sometimes on another continent. Prostitution spread tremendously to fulfill women's economic needs and men's sexual needs. HAIDS spread along with these events, e.g. Cuba sent troops to Angola where they were mostly stationed near 2 countries with high HAIDS rates, Zaire and Namibia. These troops often returned to Cuba then returned to Africa. During the 1980s, HAIDS prevalence was 45 times higher among Cuban boat refugees and Marielito Cuban immigrants to the US than that claimed for all of Cuba. In fact, their HAIDS prevalence matched that of Cuba's Caribbean neighbors.
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PMID:Macroepidemiology of the HIVs-AIDS (HAIDS) pandemic. Insufficiently considered zoological and geopolitical aspects. 162 79

To determine the efficacy and toxicity of two systemically active antifungal agents in the treatment of buccal and oesophageal candidiasis 111 HIV-infected patients with microscopically-confirmed candidiasis were randomized to receive either 200 mg itraconazole once a day or 200 mg ketoconazole twice a day for 28 days in a double blind study. After 1 week of treatment, 75 and 82% of the patients on itraconazole and ketoconazole, respectively, had responded clinically. After 4 weeks of treatment, this had risen to 93% in each group. One patient discontinued itraconozole because of toxicity (rash), five patients discontinued ketaconazole (two nausea, two hepatotoxicity and one rash). Despite successful clinical and mycological clearance, 80% patients had a further episode of candidosis within the next 3 months.
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PMID:Itraconazole versus ketaconazole in the treatment of oral and oesophageal candidosis in patients infected with HIV. 166 59

A summary of events at the Second International Conference for Non-Governmental Organizations working on AIDS, held in Paris November 1-4, 1990 is presented with comments on the effectiveness of arrangement, planning and sessions. The meeting was fraught with obstacles, the worst of which was a change of venue from San Francisco to Paris at the last minute, with serious consequences to speakers whose U.S. travel funds had to be found elsewhere. The goal of the conference was to facilitate international networking among AIDS Service, national and regional organizations. To this end 44 sessions were held informally. Plenary sessions were marked by moving presentations of such items as an international memorial quilt, and topics such as how children and women are affected by HIV, and how human rights abuses are often unseen. The need for solidarity among NGOs was stressed by Dr. J. Mann, who noted that NGOs perform up to half the health care in some countries. The major substance of the conference was 5 Seminar tracks of 5.5 hours duration on the topics of services and care, education and prevention, drugs and treatment, human rights, and organizational development. Human rights recognized internationally were described, but in some places lack of resources makes them a privilege. Illegal drug programs, decriminalization and research on cultural obstacles were within the broad range of issues addressed under services and care. While traditional symptomatic treatments and older drugs such as gentian violet as a treatment for candidiasis are being developed in African countries, serious social problems arise when people sell their possessions for a few doses of AZT or Kemron there. In the seminars on organizational development useful exchanges between major donors and project organizers explored professional methods of applying for grants, as well as accounting for funds spent later. ICASO the International Council of AIDS Service Organizations was ratified and a meeting in Florence in June 1991 was authorized, with reservations of those who felt that regional cooperation is needed even more. Problems and incidents marked other aspects of the meeting, from lack of translators, photocopiers, accommodations, refreshments, and late starting to an ill-timed demonstration during the last Plenary session address of Dr. Mann by ACT-UP France. Larger problems of balance of interests and priorities, and whether there are too many AIDS conferences must also be approached.
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PMID:Policies for solidarity. A personal view of the Second International Conference for non governmental organizations working on AIDS, Paris 1-4 November 1990. 167 73

HIV-related oral candidiasis was investigated in 71 HIV-seropositive patients who received interviews, oral examinations and hematologic investigation. Diagnosis of candidiasis was based on clinical signs and examination of PAS-stained smears. The frequency of candidiasis was 24/71 (34%). The clinical presentations were pseudomembranous 8 (11%), erythematous 14 (20%), angular cheilitis 3 (4%). Twenty-six patients (37%) had candidiasis or were receiving antifungal treatment for recurrent pseudomembranous type. Twelve of 13 (92%) patients with AIDS and 14/58 (24%) without AIDS were affected. Bivariate analyses showed significant associations with AIDS, the use of zidovudine, low T4-count, xerostomia; marital status (sometime married), restricted performance status and age of greater than 35 yr. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of xerostomia was an independent and statistically significant predictor of HIV-related oral candidiasis. T4-count and restricted performance status were the second and third most important predictors.
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PMID:Factors associated with increased frequency of HIV-related oral candidiasis. 168 Jan 89

In June 1991, practicing, research, and academic dentists attended a symposium on oral research and dental treatment in HIV infection at Guy's Hospital in London, England. Oral lesions in HIV infection were classified as strongly associated, probably associated, and possibly associated with HIV infection. A speaker stressed that those strongly associated with HIV infection should be of the most interest to general dental practitioners. Another speaker said that chronic erythematous candidiasis has emerged as an oral infection strongly associated with HIV infection in addition to pseudomembranous candidiasis. A dentist mentioned hairy leukoplakia as a new condition strongly associated with HIV infection. Other HIV associated periodontal disease included gingivitis, necrotizing gingivitis, and periodontitis. A speaker noted that AZT increases longevity of AIDS patients and the drugs dideoxyinosine and dideooxycytidine are being tested. Another dentist spoke about the issue of HIV infected dentists citing the example of the dentist in Florida who infected 5 patients. Other speakers addressed the cases and needs of asymptomatic HIV infected people. A survey of dentists showed that only 33% of dentists would provide dental care to HIV infected people and only 20% would if the patients had AIDS. A dentist addressed the problem of a lack of data on prevention and treatment of oral lesions since their etiology and pathogenesis were unknown. Other presentations focused on research on antibodies and DNA probes in reference to saliva and subgingival flora. The symposium revealed the ran ge and depth of research going on in British schools on oral manifestations of HIV infection.
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PMID:Oral research and dental treatment in HIV infection. 168 36

The clinical findings of patients with oral Kaposi's sarcoma are reviewed. These oral findings commonly included candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, gingivitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), periodontitis, and other symptoms, including xerostomia. The other common symptoms of HIV disease that may be of importance in leading to a diagnosis are reviewed in this patient group. Treatment by local radiotherapy or by intralesional vinblastine of these oral Kaposi's sarcomas resulted in successful palliation, with more than 50% regression of the lesions in 80% of the patients treated.
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PMID:HIV infection: clinical features and treatment of thirty-three homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma. 170 95

Prophylactic treatment with human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) affords significant protection against systemic infections caused by C. albicans in cyclophosphamide-treated but not in cortisone-treated mice. Localized candidosis in neutropenic mice does not respond to hG-CSF. Our data show that granulocytes play an important role in the immune defence against deep mycoses, but not against local infections. From our data it is reasonable to assume that prophylactic treatment with hG-CSF may augment the resistance of immunosuppressed patients to deep Candida infection, but it would be of little help against oral candidosis of HIV patients.
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PMID:Protective effect of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) on Candida infections in normal and immunosuppressed mice. 172 Nov 5

50 HIV-positive patients (CDC stage III to VI) with oral candidiasis proven by culture and typical clinical findings were treated with fluconazole (50 to 100 mg/day) over a period of eight to 22 days. After completion of treatment, clinical signs of oral candidiasis had disappeared in 45/50 patients. In 10/50 patients, however, increased concentrations of candida both in pharyngeal washes (greater than 10(2) PFU/ml) and throat swabs (greater than 20 colonies/culture) persisted. Four weeks later, clinical candidiasis had reappeared in 22/42 patients and another 14/42 patients without clinical symptoms had pathological concentrations of candida in culture. In no case did treatment with fluconazole itself have to be aborted because of adverse reactions. Most of the patients had multiple concomitant bacterial and/or viral infections requiring comprehensive medication. The side effects observed (nausea, headache, changes in the blood picture, etc.) were due to the concomitant infections and their specific therapy.
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PMID:[Fluconazole in therapy of candidiasis of the oropharyngeal space in patients with HIV infection. Results of an open multicenter study of assessing the effectiveness and tolerance of fluconazole]. 175 72

A retrospective review of charts of 156 human immunodeficiency virus-infected children cared for during a 7.5-year period revealed 11 episodes of disseminateed candidiasis (DC) occurring in 11 patients (7%). All 11 patients developed the fungal infection in the context of advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. All but one were hospital-acquired, occurring at a mean of 2.3 months after admission. Ten patients had been febrile for more than 14 days before diagnosis. Previous oral thrush and central venous catheters (73 and 82% of patients) represented major predisposing factors for development of DC. Neutropenia (2 of 11 patients) did not represent a major risk factor for DC. Candida albicans was isolated in 9 patients, Rhodotorula minuta in 1 patient and 1 fungal isolate could not be identified. Sources of isolation were blood (8 of 11 patients), central venous catheters (3 of 11) and urine (2 of 11). Lungs (6 of 11 patients), esophagus (5 of 11) and brain, heart and kidneys (3 patients each) were the organs most often involved in DC. Antemortem diagnosis was achieved in only 7 (64%) patients; none of the 4 patients with DC diagnosed postmortem had been treated before death. Seven patients were treated with amphotericin B; 6 of them died but only 3 were treated for more than 7 days of therapy. The overall mortality was 90% (10 of 11 patients). In all 20% of the 50 human immunodeficiency virus-infected children who died at our hospital during the study period had an episode of DC in close proximity to their death. DC was considered the direct cause of death in 4 of 10 children.
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PMID:Disseminated fungal infections in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 176 3

Candidiasis is the most common oral fungal infection seen in association with HIV infection. It may present in a number of clinical forms, including pseudomembranous and erythematous candidiasis. To determine whether erythematous candidiasis, like the pseudomembranous form, is predictive of the development of AIDS, we reviewed the records of 169 HIV-seropositive patients seen at clinic of the Oral AIDS Center, University of California, San Francisco who were diagnosed with pseudomembranous or erythematous (or both) forms of oral candidiasis at their first examination. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a rapid rate of progression to AIDS (median, 25 months) and to death (median, 43.8 months) in all three groups. We conclude that erythematous candidiasis is as serious a prognostic indicator as pseudomembranous candidiasis. Because the erythematous form is more difficult to recognize and hence is underdiagnosed, efforts should be made to teach non-dental clinicians who care for HIV-infected patients to diagnose and treat this lesion.
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PMID:Oral candidiasis in HIV infection: pseudomembranous and erythematous candidiasis show similar rates of progression to AIDS. 176 82


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