Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The life-stage approach, which views the behaviours and exposures of an individual from the preconceptual situation of the parent through pregnancy, infancy, childhood and adolescence, and into the advancing years through adulthood, is the basis of analysis of strategies to improve long-term health. Among the behaviours of note is the dietary selection pattern, conditioning our exposure to nutrients and dietary constituents that influences growth, nutriture, cognitive and physical performance, and disease resistance and susceptibility. The African Diaspora created a population displaced from Africa to the Western Hemisphere as part of the African slave trade from the 16th to 18th centuries. It continues to manifest distinct dietary and lifestyle practices in the context of a health experience that is different both from the population in their African countries of origin and from the other ethnicities in their countries of displacement and current residence. Afro-Americans are more susceptible to a series of diseases and conditions including low birth weight, violence, and HIV/AIDS, as well as the non-communicable diseases: obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, renal failure, breast cancer, prostate cancer and lead poisoning. The differential nature of dietary practices are conditioned at times by the poverty and marginalisation of the populace, resulting in either disadvantageous or beneficial outcomes relative to others' eating habits. Serious consideration must be given to the possibility that ethnic difference give rise to different requirements and tolerances for essential nutrients and distinct protective or adverse responses to foods and dietary substances. The major challenges to health improvement for the African Diaspora is coming to grips with the policy and programmatic nuances of differential treatment and the effecting the behavioural changes that would be needed in a population skeptical of the motives of media and of the power elites of their societies.
 ...
PMID:Diet and long-term health: an African Diaspora perspective. 1450 96

Sixty-five compounds were isolated from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia and characterized by comprehensive analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectral data. Among these isolates, four quassinoid diterpenoids were reported from natural sources for the first time, namely eurycomalide A (1), eurycomalide B (2), 13beta, 21-dihydroxyeurycomanol (3), and 5alpha, 14beta, 15beta-trihydroxyklaineanone (4). Screening of cytotoxicity, anti-HIV and antimalarial activity of these isolated compounds was also furnished by in vitro assays. Compounds 12, 13, 17, 18, 36, 38, 59, and 62 demonstrated strong cytotoxicity toward human lung cancer (A-549) cell lines, however, 12, 13, 17, 38, 57, 58, and 59 exhibited strong cytoxicity toward human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Compounds 57 and 58 displayed potent antimalarial activity against the resistant Plasmodium falciparum. The thorough studies on the stereochemistry of the different quassinoid diterpenoids provide a clear reference to the scientists who are interested on this field.
 ...
PMID:Cytotoxic and antimalarial constituents from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. 1473 62

Clinical epidemiology is sometimes called the basic science of clinical medicine. In terms of the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs), clinical epidemiology analyzes suspected risk factors. The present review highlights the risk factors established so far and briefly summarizes those factors currently under investigation. In analogy to the methods of evidence based medicine, this review attributes levels of evidence to each of the putative risk factors. Level I represents highest quality of evidence while level V denotes the lowest level. So far, undescended testis (UDT), contralateral testicular GCT and familial testis cancer are established risk factors attaining high levels of evidence (levels I-III a). In a meta-analysis of 21 studies exploring the association of UDT with GCT risk, an over-all relative risk (RR) of 4.8 (95% confidence interval 4.0-5.7) was found. Contralateral testicular GCT involves a roughly 25-fold increased RR of GCT, while familial testis cancer constitutes a RR of 3-10. Infertility, testicular atrophy, and twin-ship represent risk factors with lesser levels of evidence (level III a). There is also some evidence for HIV infection being a predisposing factor for GCT (level IV a). Scrotal trauma is probably not associated with GCT risk. The estrogen excess theory implies high estrogen levels during the first trimester of pregnancy. As a consequence, primordial germ cells lose track of the normal developmental line and transform into premalignant cells that later become testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN), the precursor of full-blown testicular GCT. Surrogate parameters for high gestational estrogen levels are investigated in case control studies. Such factors are maternal age >30 years, first-born, low birth weight, maternal breast cancer, high sex-ratio of siblings. So far, the sum of evidence is promising but still conflicting (especially for level III b). Another novel theory is the childhood nutrition hypothesis. This concept postulates a modulating or "catalyzing" effect by high dietary intake during childhood on the pathogenesis of testicular GCT. A surrogate parameter of early childhood nutrition is adult height. So far, 12 controlled studies have looked to the possible association of attained height and GCT risk of which six demonstrated a significant association. Thus, the sum of evidence corresponds to level III b. This concept is appealing because it would explain several hitherto unexplained epidemiological features of GCT.
 ...
PMID:Clinical epidemiology of testicular germ cell tumors. 1503 40

The relatively low efficiency of target cell transduction and variations in the stability of transgene expression by retroviral vectors based on the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) are major impediments to the use of such vectors in cancer gene therapy approaches. The present study was designed to investigate the stability and efficiency of transgene expression in human lung and breast cancer cell lines transduced with vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro and in vivo in nude mouse models of metastasis. H460 lung carcinoma cells and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal), respectively. Transduced H460 cells were administered to nude mice by either intravenous or subcutaneous injection and MDA-MB-231 cells were implanted orthotopically into the mammary fat pad of such mice to induce primary tumor and metastatic lung tumor formation. High-level EGFP expression was maintained in transduced H460 cells in metastatic lung nodules for up to 6 weeks and transgene expression in vitro persisted for at least 23 days after retrieval of EGFP-positive H460 cells from the lungs of tumor-bearing mice and subsequent cultivation in vitro. Likewise, beta-Gal expression levels in metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells in lungs remained high for up to 11 weeks. Southern blot analyses carried out with DNA from lung nodules showed that proviral DNAs in H460 cells were maintained stably over many cell generations and during subsequent reimplantation in vivo. However, molecular analyses revealed variations in transgene copy numbers and expression levels among individual lung clones. These results demonstrate the usefulness of HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors for sustained and stable transgene expression in human lung and breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
 ...
PMID:Stable transgene expression in tumors and metastases after transduction with lentiviral vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 1514 75

Since ancient times, plants and herbal preparations have been used as medicine. Research carried out in last few decades has certified several such claims of use of several plants of traditional medicine. Popularity of Momordica charantia (MC) in various systems of traditional medicine for several ailments (antidiabetic, abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, dysmenorrhea, eczema, emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain, kidney (stone), laxative, leprosy, leucorrhea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis, purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies) focused the investigator's attention on this plant. Over 100 studies using modern techniques have authenticated its use in diabetes and its complications (nephropathy, cataract, insulin resistance), as antibacterial as well as antiviral agent (including HIV infection), as anthelmintic and abortifacient. Traditionally it has also been used in treating peptic ulcers, interestingly in a recent experimental studies have exhibited its potential against Helicobacter pylori. Most importantly, the studies have shown its efficacy in various cancers (lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, choriocarcinoma, melanoma, breast cancer, skin tumor, prostatic cancer, squamous carcinoma of tongue and larynx, human bladder carcinomas and Hodgkin's disease). There are few reports available on clinical use of MC in diabetes and cancer patients that have shown promising results.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. 1518 17

There has been heightened legislative attention to medical privacy and to protections from genetic discrimination, without large-scale studies to document privacy concerns or analysis of whether experiences differ by whether the condition is genetic (defined here as a single-gene disorder) or non-genetic. To determine whether experiences regarding privacy, disclosure, and consequences of disclosure differ by whether one's medical condition is genetic, we conducted a descriptive study with one-time, structured quantitative and qualitative interviews. We interviewed approximately 100 adults or parents of children with each of the following medical conditions: sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and HIV, and 200 adults with or at risk for breast cancer or colon cancer. The percentages of the total 597 respondents experiencing positive or negative consequences of disclosure and the degree to which experiences differed by whether the condition was genetic were the outcomes of interest. Seventy-four percent were glad and 13% regretted others knew about their condition; these findings did not differ significantly by genetic vs. non-genetic condition. Reports of job and health insurance discrimination were not uncommon for the overall study population (19 and 27%, respectively) but were more likely among those with genetic conditions (30 and 37%, respectively). Legislation and other policy-making should target the needs of persons with all conditions and not focus exclusively on genetic discrimination, given that experiences and concerns generally do not differ based on the genetic etiology of the condition.
 ...
PMID:Medical privacy and the disclosure of personal medical information: the beliefs and experiences of those with genetic and other clinical conditions. 1521 47

Gene therapy is a new therapeutic approach which is tested in numerous diseases connected with either non or only limited therapeutic effects. This paper aims at discussing the actual state of the clinical development of gene-therapy which targets an approval by either the FDA or EMEA. Basis of all the figures and tables presented is a BioMedNet/Medline search reviewing all titles found under the keywords gene therapy and/or clinical development. The review period begins in the year 1992 and ends in 2002. Publications identified were sorted into the following categories: therapeutic areas with gene therapy activities; indications and diseases with gene-therapy activities; vectors used in gene therapy and clinical studies using gene therapy. Only in some indications like breast cancer, colorectal cancer, HIV, and cystic fibrosis a variety of clinical studies had been published indicating a serious attempt to develop the indication for approval. But most developments are still in phase I/II. In all other therapeutic areas no systematic continuous approach was identified. Clinical activities in cardiovascular diseases and in peripheral vascular diseases increased during the preceding five years compared other therapeutic areas.
 ...
PMID:Gene therapy: a concept for the future in medical practice? The current state. 1531 2

The increasing of HIV infection in young women as well as prolonged survival let us to register an important rising of breast cancers in such type of patients. The Authors report the case of a 48 year old HIV-positive woman, who underwent surgery because of the histological positivity for cancer of the right breast. It was decided to perform a quadrantectomy and reconstruction with implant, because of the absence of immunodepression. The Authors discuss about indications for reconstructive surgery in seropositive women with breast cancer.
 ...
PMID:[Breast surgery in HIV-positive women]. 1538 77

Eukaryotic cells have evolved a complex mechanism for sensing DNA damage during genome replication. Activation of this pathway prevents entry into mitosis to allow for either DNA repair or, in the event of irreparable damage, commitment to apoptosis. Under conditions of replication stress, the damage signal is initiated by the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related kinase ATR. We recently demonstrated that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene product viral protein R (Vpr) arrests infected cells in the G(2) phase via the activation of ATR. In the present study, we show that the activation of ATR by Vpr is analogous to activation by certain genotoxic agents, both mechanistically and in its downstream consequences. Specifically, we show a requirement for Rad17 and Hus1 to induce G(2) arrest as well as Vpr-induced phosphorylation of histone 2A variant X (H2AX) and formation of nuclear foci containing H2AX and breast cancer susceptibility protein 1. These results demonstrate that G(2) arrest mediated by the HIV-1 gene product Vpr utilizes the cellular signaling pathway whose physiological function is to recognize replication stress. These findings should contribute to a greater understanding of how HIV-1 manipulates the CD4(+)-lymphocyte cell cycle and apoptosis induction in the progressive CD4(+)-lymphocyte depletion characteristic of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr-mediated G2 arrest requires Rad17 and Hus1 and induces nuclear BRCA1 and gamma-H2AX focus formation. 1548 98

The advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994 created a unique opportunity for new lows and policies to be passed. Today, a decade later, South African reproductive health policies and the laws that underwrite them are among the most progressive and comprehensive in the world in terms of the recognition that they give to human rights, including sexual and reproductive rights. This paper documents the changes in health policy and services that have occurred, focusing particularly on key areas of sexual and reproductive health: contraception, maternal health, termination of pregnancy, cervical and breast cancer, gender-based and sexual violence, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections and infertility. Despite important advances, significant changes in women's reproductive health status are difficult to discern, given the relatively short period of time and the multitude of complex factors that influence health, especially inequalities in socio-economic and gender status. Gaps remain in the implementation of reproductive health policies and in service delivery that need to be addressed in order for meaningful improvements in women's reproductive health status to be achieved. Civil society has played a major role in securing these legislative and policy changes, and health activist groups continue to pressure the government to introduce further changes in policy and service delivery, especially in the area of HIV/AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Ten years of democracy in South Africa: documenting transformation in reproductive health policy and status. 1562 98


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>