Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From the inner shoots of the chive Allium tuberosum, a single-chained protein with a molecular weight of 36 kDa and an N-terminal sequence manifesting resemblance to chitinases but lacking in cysteine residues characteristic of a cysteine-rich domain present in chitinases of other Allium species, was purified. The isolation procedure entailed affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Mono S, and gel filtration on Superdex 75. The protein was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and Mono S. It exhibited antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Coprinus comatus, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, and Botrytis cinerea. The IC(50) for its antifungal effect against Botrytis cinerea was 0.2 microM. The antifungal activity was stable after 1 h at pH 1.6 and 12.3, and up to 60 degrees C for 5 min. Incubation of the protein with trypsin or chymotrypsin at an enzyme:substrate ratio of 1:100 and pH 7.6 up to 150 min did not affect its antifungal activity. The protein did not exhibit antibacterial activity. The protein inhibited cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte system with an IC(50) of 0.8 microM, but did not affect the proliferation of mouse splenocytes. It exerted some cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells and was inhibitory toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
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PMID:A robust cysteine-deficient chitinase-like antifungal protein from inner shoots of the edible chive Allium tuberosum. 1111 20

Many mutants of p53 activate HIV-LTR driven transcription and promote HIV replication. The region of the HIV-LTR containing Sp1-binding sites is important for this effect. In this study we test the hypothesis that mutant p53 interacts with DNA-bound Sp1 and in this way can increase transcription from Sp1-dependent promoters. We have used the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 that expresses endogenous mutant p53(His273) as our source of p53 protein. First, we demonstrated that this mutant p53 participates in activating transcription from the HIV-LTR by showing that HIV-LTR-directed transcription in MDA-MB-468 cells is inhibited in a dominant-negative manner by p53(Val135). Using HIV-LTR DNA affinity chromatography, we detected coelution of p53(His273) and Sp1. We also demonstrated that this mutant p53 binds sequence specifically to the super consensus sequence (SCS) and that Sp1 coeluted with p53(His273) from a column containing this site. These data indicate that p53(His273) can associate with DNA-bound Sp1 suggesting that activated HIV-LTR transcription associated with mutant p53 occurs through a DNA driven multi-protein complex.
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PMID:Mutant p53 forms a complex with Sp1 on HIV-LTR DNA. 1111 96

A series of 2-(3-Arylpropenoyl)benzimidazole, 3a-d, and their corresponding N1-methyl analogues, 3e-h, were synthesized from p-substituted benzaldehyde and 2-acetylbenzimidazole or 2-acetyl-1-methylbenzimidazole, respectively. The in vitro alkylating activities of these alpha-beta-unsaturated ketones were investigated using L-cysteine as a model of cellular thioles at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. No significant difference between the alkylating activities of 3a-d and 3e-h as expressed from the pseudo first-order rate constants of the reactions of these derivatives with L-cysteine monitored by HPLC. However, significant variations in the rates of alkylation among these derivatives relative to the p-substituted group on the aryl moiety were observed, which is attributable to the electronic parameters of the substituted groups. The in vitro cytotoxic activity provided that the p-nitro derivative; 3d has some selectivity for cell lines of leukemia, renal cancer and breast cancer. The compounds were completely inactive as anti-HIV agents. Molecular modeling for all derivatives was undertaken.
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PMID:Investigation of alkylating, antineoplastic and anti-HIV potentials of the chalcones: 2-(3-arylpropenoyl)benzimidazole and their corresponding N1-methyl derivatives. 1121 44

Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and certain malignancies including breast cancer occur predominantly in premenopausal women in an African population. Cancers that are associated with HIV infection are Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and invasive cervical carcinoma. Recently, cases of breast cancer have been reported in patients with HIV infection but an association between breast cancer and HIV infection has yet to be determined. The present study investigated for association between HIV infection and breast cancer. Among the 101 patients studied, 50 were cases with breast cancer while the remaining 51 were referents with conditions other than mammary cancer. Patients with breast cancer 30 years of age and below recorded in the Cancer registry during 1974-1987 constituted 8% while those recorded during the ongoing AIDS epidemic amounted to only 2%. When a similar comparison was undertaken among patients below 50 years there was also an overall decrease in the proportion of patients from 76.1 to 58.0%. Conversely, in the age groups above 50 years the breast cancer cases increased from 33.9 to 42% respectively (chi2=1.83 on 1df, p=0.18). The overall prevalence of HIV infection among the control group was 35.5% (95% CI=22.2-48.4) while among breast cancer patients it was 6% (95% CI=0.6-12.6). Women below 50 years of age with breast cancer were less likely to be HIV positive; OR=0.18: (95% CI=0.04-0.76) chi2=5.95; p=0.01. However, there is no basis to suggest that HIV infection is protective against this malignancy. AIDS associated mortality commonly occurs in the second and third decades of life and probably these deaths have changed the demographic of the disease in an African population. The impact of AIDS associated mortality on cancer registries needs attention.
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PMID:Breast cancer during the HIV epidemic in an African population. 1129 98

HIV-related weight loss can be broken into four categories: 1) episodic weight loss accompanying acute infections or malignancies; 2) intermittent anorexia; 3) the late, accelerated weight loss phase associated with a 10 -20 percent loss of body weight; and 4) the terminal phase of HIV disease in which weight loss has resulted in cachexia and weakness. Several studies using megestrol acetate to treat advanced breast cancer, HIV-associated cachexia, and AIDS wasting, have demonstrated its association with weight gain. These led to the establishment of two multicenter, randomized, double- blind trials. In the first study patients received either 800 mg/day of Megace (a liquid suspension of megestrol acetate) or placebo; and in the second they received one of three daily doses of Megace (100 mg, 400 mg, or 800 mg) or placebo. Most patients were in the fourth phase of weight loss. Over 50 percent of the enrollees dropped out of the first study. Increased calorie consumption, fat mass and overall weight was observed in the remaining 65 enrollees in the treatment group. The second study, enrolling 271 patients, showed a dose-dependent, step-wise relationship between megestrol acetate administration and weight gain. Overall, megestrol acetate was well tolerated. Patients receiving treatment experienced greater caloric and protein intake, weight gain and subjective sense of well-being. Therefore, a starting dose of 400 mg/day is recommended, to be adjusted after four weeks of therapy. Drug treatment in the earlier stages of weight loss should be considered.
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PMID:Recent results with Megace. 1136 97

Several interviews are presented with AIDS patients who have been successful at controlling their disease using supplements in combination with drug therapy. A brief anecdote of a breast cancer patient who experienced a substantial reduction in her breast tumor after taking NK911 is included. The first interview examines one patient's ability to reduce his viral load from 50,000 to non-detectable levels in 5 weeks using Naltrexone, ginger root, garlic, and coconut oil. The second interview discusses another patient's use of BHT in a lemon/olive oil drink to successfully combat CMV. The third interview reveals a patient's success at dropping HIV viral load and increasing CD4 counts using Naltrexone and NK911 and supplementing with coconut oil, garlic, and raw goat's milk. The final AIDS-related interview discusses a New York patient's switch from one triple combination therapy, from which there were complications, to the successful use of Naltrexone, garlic, and ginger root. A list of volunteer names, phone numbers, and their protocols is provided.
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PMID:Interviews and anecdotal reports. 1136 12

Unusual abnormalities continue to be reported among HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), with many of these symptoms being reported worldwide. One of the most distressing symptoms is abnormal redistribution of body fat (lipodystrophy). There is no clear-cut cause identified with lipodystrophy, and the reported prevalence ranges from 5 percent to more than 60 percent. Australian studies forecast that nearly all protease inhibitor patients will experience metabolic abnormalities as a result of their treatment. Possible drug mechanisms that may lead to these abnormalities are described. Another study suggests that these metabolic abnormalities may be a form of post-traumatic stress syndrome, based on observing similar symptoms in survivors of leukemia and breast cancer. Possible treatments and prevention options for these abnormalities are discussed.
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PMID:Debate widens over protease inhibitor side effects. 1136 22

The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill is challenging the funding policies of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), claiming that NIMH spends a disproportionate amount on AIDS research. A review of 2,277 abstracts of NIMH-funded projects in 1997 showed that the agency spent 14.2 percent of its budget studying behavioral aspects of HIV and 13.5 percent on schizophrenia. NIMH responded that HIV was a serious and significant health threat among mentally ill persons, including the homeless. The quarrel was fueled by a 1999 New England Journal of Medicine article suggesting that AIDS receives a disproportionate share of spending compared to other diseases, such as breast cancer and emphysema.
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PMID:Mental health advocates complain about NIMH priority for AIDS. National Institute of Mental Health. 1136 24

Screening has become central to the effective prevention of several diseases, but implementation suffers from difficulties with targeting and rates of compliance. Such issues are also complicated by the need to consider legal provisions regarding confidentiality of patients and other human rights issues. Screening has been an inexact science in relation to, e.g., faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer, false positive and false negative tests for HIV, and there have been inadequate quality controls in breast cancer screening programmes. The public need to be made aware of what the screening programmes really offer, balanced against the expectations they may have. There needs to be a clearer understanding of the nature of the contractual and other legal rights of patients/consumers as against providers. A positive screening test may carry adverse consequences as well as benefits. It could alert an insurance company to a risk and lead to additional weighting or even outright rejection for life insurance policies. Job prospects may also be affected for employees. The method of informing patients in relation to screening and screening failure has already been considered by the courts. Realistic information about both screening and treatment efficiency needs to be offered to patients so that they can have a real understanding of what can and cannot be achieved by current science. The development of understanding of the human genome makes the need for clearer legislation in this are more urgent.
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PMID:Screening: the legal view. 1142 19

The G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 is a coreceptor, along with CD4, for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and has been implicated in breast cancer metastasis. We studied the binding of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (gp) to CXCR4 but found that the gp120s from CXCR4-using HIV-1 strains bound nonspecifically to several cell lines lacking human CXCR4 expression. Therefore, we constructed paramagnetic proteoliposomes (CXCR4-PMPLs) containing pure, native CXCR4. CXCR4-PMPLs specifically bound the natural ligand, SDF-1alpha, and the gp120s from CXCR4-using HIV-1 strains. Conformation-dependent anti-CXCR4 antibodies and the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 blocked HIV-1 gp120 binding to CXCR4-PMPLs. The gp120-CXCR4 interaction was blocked by anti-gp120 antibodies directed against the third variable (V3) loop and CD4-induced epitopes, structures that have also been implicated in the binding of gp120 to the other HIV-1 coreceptor, CCR5. Compared with the binding of R5 HIV-1 gp120s to CCR5, the gp120-CXCR4 interaction exhibited a lower affinity (K(d) = 200 nm) and was dependent upon prior CD4 binding, even at low temperature. Thus, although similar regions of X4 and R5 HIV-1 gp120s appear to be involved in binding CXCR4 and CCR5, respectively, differences exist in nonspecific binding to cell surfaces, affinity for the chemokine receptor, and CD4 dependence at low temperature.
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PMID:Ligand binding characteristics of CXCR4 incorporated into paramagnetic proteoliposomes. 1148 6


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