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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mental health professional should be aware of any organic mental disorder in the HIV-seropositive patient, since they are more exposed to this mind of disorders than the general population. The purpose of this study is to provide general guidelines for the early detection of these disorders, giving information on their causes and deeping in the date available on the AIDS-related complex (organic mental disorder specifically related with AIDS).
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PMID:[Organic mental disorders and AIDS]. 748 88

During the past 20 years, millions of people have died in Cambodia as the result of violence, starvation, and preventable diseases. During this period, the public health system was also decimated as health professionals were killed. Efforts to provide health care were further stymied by inadequate training and low salaries that forced doctors to depend upon private practices in urban areas for their income. The health indicators in Cambodia reflect this situation, with life expectancy at 47 years for men and 49 for women, infant mortality at 120/1000 live births, child mortality at 190/1000, and maternal mortality at 9/1000 births. Malaria causes 5000-10,000 deaths each year, and the annual incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis is 250/100,000. The spread of HIV in South East Asia is also posing a major threat to Cambodia, and each month 300-400 people are injured or die as a result of the explosion of 1 of the 13 million land mines (scattered throughout the country of 9 million inhabitants). Many Cambodians suffer mental illness as a result of the decades of violence and displacement. Today Cambodians are struggling to reestablish their public health system with the help of international donor agencies, and there is hope that an appropriate and sustainable system will be in place within 10 years.
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PMID:Cambodian health in transition. 764 May 94

Psychiatric disorders have become an increasing concern in the treatment of substance abusers. The introduction of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) into this population has further complicated treatment. This study examines the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in an opioid dependent population maintained on methadone. Results from this preliminary analysis show high rates of psychiatric disorders in this population. Additionally, needle sharing behavior appears to be increased in patients with a diagnosis of dysthymia. These findings have direct implications for aggressive screening and treatment of psychiatric disorders in methadone maintenance clinics.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders of opioid addicts entering treatment: preliminary data. 773 55

As part of a 3-year federal demonstration project, San Francisco health clinics provided case management services to chemically dependent individuals who were low-income and often homeless. Many of those participating in the project had also been diagnosed with HIV infection and/or mental illness. The intent of the demonstration project was to use case management as a mechanism for strengthening the linkages between substance abuse treatment and primary care systems. Case management was adopted as the catalyst for increased communication between medical personnel and other service providers to develop a more comprehensive approach to responding to the myriad of client needs. A specially designed management information system (MIS) was developed to help document client information and case management activities, as well as provide a tickler system to improve client continuity. This report integrates both qualitative and quantitative findings to provide a context for understanding case management activities, client problems and successes, and the systemic problems facing clients and case managers in linking primary care, substance abuse treatment, and mental health services.
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PMID:A case management program for chemically dependent clients with multiple needs. 779 39

HIV risk factors were assessed among 120 persons in treatment for serious mental illness. Although subjects had good general knowledge regarding HIV, many engaged in high risk behaviors. Condom use was infrequent among those who had multiple sexual partners, and sharing needles was common for those who used i.v. drugs. Clearly, factual knowledge about HIV was not sufficient to prevent risky behavior. Nearly half of the sample was categorized as at medium to high risk, and almost half of the participants, especially those at medium risk, underestimated their own level of risk. The results suggest that education and intervention strategies should focus on increasing the accuracy of the individual's risk assessment as well as changing attitudes towards condoms and improving skills in using condoms. Assessing personal risk and adopting risk-reduction strategies are the keys to successful AIDS prevention for persons with serious mental illness.
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PMID:HIV risk factors for persons with serious mental illness. 783 41

The aim of this study was to determine whether HIV infection is associated with increased psychosocial distress in the asymptomatic and early symptomatic stages of disease and to determine the factors associated with reporting health symptoms. Subjects included 61 gay men (41 HIV--, 20 HIV+) who were assessed at the time of requesting their first HIV test and again 12 months later. Measures included a detailed standardized psychiatric interview (Present State Examination, PSE), a range of psychosocial self-report measures and a physical symptom checklist. There were no differences between the HIV+ and HIV-- groups in terms of self-reported symptoms. Multiple regression analysis showed that the symptom reporting was not associated with clinical or immunological markers of disease progression but was associated with measures of psychosocial distress. Although both groups showed elevated levels of psychosocial distress at the time of HIV testing, there were no differences between serostatus groups at follow-up. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the best predictors of PSE scores at follow-up were baseline PSE score and a history of psychiatric illness. Early HIV disease is not associated with increased psychosocial distress and symptom reporting is more closely related to psychological measures than to clinical or immunological markers of disease.
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PMID:A longitudinal study of the neuropsychiatric consequences of HIV-1 infection in gay men. II. Psychological and health status at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. 789 57

The association between suicide and medical disorder has not received as much attention as the association between suicide and psychiatric disorder. We identified by statistical overview medical disorders with an altered suicide risk. We found reports on the mortality of 63 medical disorders (ICD9 001-289, 320-999) said to have an altered suicide risk. English-language reports were located on MEDLINE with the search terms "disease name with mortality and follow-up"; and from the reference lists of these reports. We abstracted 235 reports of mortality studies of medical disorders with 2 years or more of follow-up, less than 10% loss of subjects, observed numbers of suicides given, and either the expected number or the facts from which to derive this. The ratio of the sum of the observed to the sum of the expected suicides, for each disorder, tested by the Poisson distribution gave an assessment of altered risk of death from suicide. Increased risk (p < 0.05) was seen for HIV/AIDS, malignant neoplasms as a group, head and neck cancers, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, peptic ulcer, renal disease, spinal cord injury, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Inconclusive evidence for increased risk was observed for amputation, heart valve replacement and surgery, disorders of the intestine (Crohn disease, ileostomy, ulcerative colitis), hormone replacement therapy, alcoholic liver disease, neurofibromatosis, systemic sclerosis, and Parkinson disease. Pregnancy and the puerperium had decreased risks (p < 0.05). There was no evidence of either increased or decreased risk for any of the other disorders studied.
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PMID:Suicide as an outcome for medical disorders. 798 80

Women and children are the people most affected by civil strife and food crises. A country's successful response to crises will depend on its preexisting infrastructure in the health and social sectors and its development status. The 1992 world refugee population was 16 million, which was a growth of about 500% since 1970. Another 1.2 million have been internally displaced. Over 300 million people in 1992 had homes or livelihoods destroyed by disaster. About 60% of disasters requiring external assistance have been due to floods and winds. Famines and drought do not occur as frequently, but have more long lasting effects on land and population; most recently, famines and droughts have stemmed from armed conflicts. Civil conflicts have claimed the most victims: almost 3 times as many civilians as soldiers. Food recently has been used as a weapon of war. The use of landmines in civil conflicts has resulted in growing numbers of civilian disabled. Millions of children have been abandoned or separated from their families due to armed conflicts. Sexual violence as a weapon of war against civilians results in high rates of pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV, as well as psychological traumas. The mental illness or stress disorders from armed conflicts or refugee and abandonment status have been neglected as outcomes. Natural and civil disasters engender malnutrition and disruptions of breast feeding. Early immunization may not be possible under crisis conditions.
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PMID:Natural and man-made disasters: the vulnerability of women-headed households and children without families. 801 82

This article describes a study undertaken to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and risk factors associated with HIV infection in a chronically mentally ill population. Patients were eligible for inclusion in the survey at their first outpatient or inpatient admission to a Maryland state psychiatric hospital between August 1990 and July 1991. Demographic and risk behavior information was collected, and unlinked HIV antibody testing was performed on blood specimens drawn for routine clinical purposes. Of 533 patients surveyed, 31 patients (5.8%) were infected with HIV. The prevalence of HIV infection was 36.4% among female patients reporting intravenous drug use and 14.5% among their male counterparts. The prevalence of HIV infection among homeless patients was 10.1%; 88.9% of those HIV infected also reported intravenous drug use. On admission, 90% of patients reported no knowledge of their HIV antibody status; 4.1% of these patients were HIV infected. The data confirmed the risk of HIV infection in this population of chronically mentally ill individuals. Risk reduction programs designed specifically for individuals with chronic mental illness need to be developed.
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PMID:HIV seroprevalence in a chronically mentally ill population. 806 2

Substance misuse contributes directly or indirectly to each of the 5 key targets outlined in the Health of the Nation strategy: coronary heart disease and stroke, cancers, mental illness, HIV/AIDS and accidents. More specifically, the risk factor targets include a 30% reduction in the prevalence of cigarette smoking to no more than 20% in both men and women by the year 2000; a 30% reduction in the proportion of men drinking more than 21 units of alcohol per week and women drinking more than 14 units per week to 18% and 7% respectively, and reduction in the percentage of drug misusers sharing equipment to no more than 5% in the year 2000. The Tomlinson report repeatedly underscores the problems of drug misuse, alcohol problems and mental illness in Inner London. Both these recent reports admit to a 'lack of trained professionals' (p17) and to 'ensuring that professionals ... are adequately and appropriately educated' (p97). Furthermore, Health of the Nation declares that 'Professional bodies in health and social work will continue to design training to promote the early identification of alcohol misuse, and appropriate referral skills' (p16).
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PMID:Alcohol misuse as challenge to medical education: a belated remedy. 814 91


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