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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, mainly in children, elders and individuals with AIDS or AIDS-related complex, being a frequent bacterial cause of pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, bacteremia and meningitis. Polyvalent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines contain the 23 most common pneumococcal serotypes causative of pneumococcal infection in several countries. Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) does not recommend the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine for general public. However, several investigators have recommended its employment for special population at high risk, such as for HIV infection, who can be at enhanced risk for systemic pneumococcal disease. The objective of the present literature review is to relate the importance of studied different types of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines as well as their immunological properties in the vaccinated people.
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PMID:Polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines; a review of the literature. 824 4

Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, nontuberculous mycobacterial infections have been reported with increasing frequency in HIV-infected patients. Although Mycobacterium avium complex has been responsible for the majority of these infections, an increasing number of other nontuberculous mycobacteria have been reported to cause clinical disease. In spite of initial questions about the clinical significance of disseminated M avium complex infection, it now appears that this infection contributes to the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients. Therefore, recent studies have focused on the use of antimycobacterial drugs to treat or prevent M avium complex bacteremia. These studies have found that drug treatment, especially with the newer macrolides, can decrease bacteremic load and improve debilitating symptoms. Furthermore, rifabutin have been found to decrease or delay the development of M avium complex bacteremia. As HIV-infected patients live longer because of antiviral drugs or prophylaxis against opportunistic infections, nontuberculous mycobacterial infections will likely become increasingly frequent and contribute to substantial morbidity or mortality.
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PMID:Mycobacterium avium complex and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in patients with HIV. 827 80

Serious infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in HIV-infected patients have been reported. Contributing factors in the development of invasive S aureus infections include a high rate of skin and nasal colonization, frequent dermatologic disease, and the use of intravenous catheters. The authors report three cases of S aureus pericarditis in HIV-infected patients. While cases of viral, mycobacterial, and malignant pericardial effusions in HIV-infected patients have been reported, a review of the literature disclosed only three cases of bacterial pericarditis. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy and drainage, a patient's condition may abruptly deteriorate and progress to tamponade. Early recognition of bacteremia and pericarditis and monitoring for cardiac tamponade, along with aggressive treatment, can result in a favorable outcome, but mortality remains high, particularly when S aureus is the causative agent.
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PMID:Staphylococcus aureus pericarditis in HIV-infected patients. 830 79

The Epidemic Section at the Oslo City Department of Health and Environment, is responsible for monitoring communicable diseases in Oslo. We have registered an increase in the number of severe cases of pneumococcal disease with bacteremia, sepsis and meningitis. Fifty-two cases of invasive pneumococcal disease occurred in Oslo in 1992. There are no available data on the HIV-status of these patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae is frequently found as part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract, and is an important pathogen for patients infected with HIV. We discuss indications for use of pneumococcal vaccine, and recommend earlier and more extensive use of this vaccine in HIV-infected persons in Norway.
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PMID:[Pneumococcal vaccine recommended for HIV-infected individuals]. 832 55

We have reported a case of isolated bacteremia due to Rhodococcus equi in an immunocompromised, non-HIV-infected patient with acute leukemia. This patient's illness demonstrates a rare presentation of an emerging opportunistic pathogen that may be potentially acquired via exposure to domestic horses or their habitat during periods of aggressive chemotherapeutic administration. The infection was successfully eradicated by treatment with erythromycin and rifampin. Counseling immunocompromised patients inclined to participate in recreational activities involving potential risks of exposure to this pathogen would seem to be a reasonable, but unproven, preventive intervention.
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PMID:Rhodococcus equi causing bacteremia in an adult with acute leukemia. 843 5

We describe the isolation and identification of a Helicobacter (Campylobacter)-like organism obtained from the blood of a 32-year-old homosexual man with a 10 months' history of AIDS and progressive mucocutaneous Kaposi sarcoma. Fever and bacteremia persisted despite sequential administration of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, antibiotics reported to be active against this organism in vitro. Facultative organisms like Campylobacter fennelliae and Campylobacter cinaedi which are difficult to isolate by standard techniques may be important but unrecognized causes of febrile illness in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Laboratories should consider use of acridine orange staining and more extensive subculture protocols for blood cultures with progressive growth indices which appear negative by conventional staining and subculture technique.
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PMID:Helicobacter (Campylobacter) fennelliae-like organisms as an important but occult cause of bacteraemia in a patient with AIDS. 845 96

Two new cases of infection due to Listeria monocytogenes in two females with HIV are discussed, one of them with full blown AIDS and the other pregnant and without knowledge of her seropositivity until that moment. Its clinical manifestation as a meningeal manifestation and bacteremia, coincide with the few cases described until now; different hypothesis invoked until now are reviewed to justify this infrequent association HIV-Listeria.
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PMID:[Listeria monocytogenes infection in HIV patients: 2 new cases]. 848 37

Shigella bacteremia in adult patients is rare and is usually associated with immunosuppressive diseases. To date, 12 HIV-positive patients with Shigella bacteremia have been reported in the medical literature. We report a case of Shigella dysenteriae bacteremia in a 39-year-old HIV-positive patient. Although the patient presented with bloody and watery diarrhea, stool cultures failed to grow enteric pathogens. The patient responded well to appropriate antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:Shigellemia in AIDS patients: case report and review of the literature. 849 21

We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM). During her workup infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was detected. She developed a cerebral toxoplasmosis, salmonella sp. bacteremia and oral ulcerations with the presence of type I herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. The relation of REM with the deposition of mucin in AIDS patients' bone marrow and HIV infection is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first report where REM is associated with HIV disease.
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PMID:Reticular erythematous mucinosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 852 66

In view of an apparent increase of central venous catheter-related infections among our bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients, a retrospective study of infectious complications of central venous catheters was conducted. During 1992, 147 central venous catheters were placed in 133 patients. The overall infection rate of all catheters was 3.3 per thousand catheter-days (bacteremia 1.8, site infection 1.5). Patients scheduled for BMT had the highest infection rate of 11.5 (bacteremia 6.7, site infection 4.8). HIV patients had an infection rate of 6.6 per thousand catheter-days (bacteremia 3.8 and site infection 2.8) and patients with other diagnoses had a rate of 2.4 (bacteremia 1.3 and site infection 1.1). The difference of infection risk among the three groups is statistically significant (logrank p < .0001). In analyzing the 11 BMT patients more carefully, 14 catheters were placed. Of these, 9 catheters were removed, 8 (89%) of which were secondary to infection. Multivariate analysis showed that patients under 50 and BMT patients were more likely to develop catheter-related infection. While the cause of this complication is not known at present, the possible association with PBSC harvest is of much concern.
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PMID:Increased incidence of central venous catheter-related infections in bone marrow transplant patients. 852 86


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