Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-five children diagnosed of AIDS were studied in order to evaluate toxicity and efficacy of oral Zidovudine treatment (AZT), as well as to analyze the clinical, biochemical, immunological and virological evolution of HIV infection throughout the treatment. Patients (19 males and 16 females) were studied from April 1988 to May 1990 with a mean follow-up time of 13.5 months (SD = 6.7 months). The mean age of the group was 4.68 years. The means of acquisition of this disease was 71.45 vertical and 28.6% via hemo-derivatives. Tolerance has been good with the main toxicity being hematological (28.5% anemia and/or neutropenia), 23% of which required blood supplements. The presence of neurological involvement and thrombopenia were observed in the incidence of greater toxicity. No influence on weight during AXT treatment was observed and hepatosplenomegalia and adenopathies were not modified. Bacterial and opportunistic infections were observed in 97.1% and 20% of patients, respectively. Neurological evolution was irregular and the improvement observed in some patients was mild and transitory. Three patients died during the follow-up from intercurrent infectious process. A progressive increase in MCV and a tendency towards leucopenia and lymphopenia (mainly in hemo-derivative infected patients) was observed. Neither significant immunological nor virological changes were observed during the treatment (except the tendency to diminish basal hypergammaglobulinemia). The results of this study were compared to other pediatric series treated with AZT.
 ...
PMID:[Long-term follow-up study of 35 children with ADS treated with zidovudine (AZT)]. 157 12

Anemia in HIV-infected patients is often overshadowed by other disorders associated with this viral disease, but it can markedly contribute to morbidity and limit antiviral therapy. Evaluation of this patient population is difficult because of the probability of a multifactorial etiology and spurious laboratory indicators. Ineffective or reduced erythropoiesis is a hallmark of most anemic HIV-infected patients, leading to usage and continuing research of recombinant hematopoietic cytokine therapy. The continuing explosion in knowledge of this virus, its effects, and treatment possibilities will, hopefully, lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic options in approaching HIV-associated anemia.
 ...
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus associated anemia. 157 65

Transfusion of red blood cells is useful in restoring oxygen-carrying capacity in patients with symptomatic anemia. In general, physicians should avoid transfusing blood based on hemoglobin concentration alone. Instead, they should focus on the impact of anemia on the patient's symptoms and level of activity. The concern for HIV infection and viral hepatitis has only served to highlight the potential risks associated with homologous transfusion therapy. These concerns should be carefully considered, along with possible alternatives, before a decision is made to transfuse. It is important to define the cause of anemia and to institute appropriate corrective therapy. The availability of recombinant human erythropoietin offers an option in selected patients to reduce or eliminate the need for red blood cell transfusion.
 ...
PMID:Use of blood transfusion in management of anemia. 157 67

Three cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and coexistent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are presented with a review of 15 cases reported in the literature. Of the 18 total patients, one-half presented with no symptoms of HIV infection while nine patients presented with symptomatic HIV disease before or simultaneous to the diagnosis. The presenting symptoms were similar to those with classic TTP and included fever in 75% and 40% with neurologic symptoms. Laboratory parameters reflected the microangiopathic hemolytic anemia typically seen in patients with TTP. The median hematocrit was 19.4%, while the median platelet count was 16,000/mm3. As with classic TTP, patients with HIV-related TTP only had mild renal dysfunction (median creatinine of 1.2 mg/dl, range 0.8-4.8 mg/dl). Plasma exchange produced clinical remission in a majority of the patients. Importantly, approximately one-third of the patients died prior to the initiation of therapy. We conclude that TTP is a rare but treatable condition in patients with HIV infection. A TTP diagnosis should be considered in patients with HIV infection who present with severe anemia and thrombocytopenia. Plasma exchange should be considered as initial therapy. The role of both antiplatelet therapy and aspirin is unknown.
 ...
PMID:Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a report of three cases and review of the literature. 158 7

500,000 women die each year in pregnancy and childbirth, of which 100,000-200,000 are estimated to be the result of a poorly performed abortion. Inadequate abortion techniques also contribute to future reproductive problems. 40-60 million legal and illegal abortions are estimated to be performed annually. Latin American estimates of maternal deaths from illegal abortion amount to 50%. Recent evidence from urban areas in Africa shows a current problem with illegal abortion where none existed 10 years ago. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies is key to reducing legal and illegal abortions and maternal mortality. Pregnancy is a risk for younger women, older, high-parity women, and women with short birth intervals. Many cultural norms and values promote early marriage and pregnancy soon after marriage. Some societies have ambivalent attitudes toward adolescent sexuality. Cultural taboos and religious beliefs contribute to a lack of understanding of reproductive health among young people and families. The consequences are particularly important in the context of HIV infection and AIDS. The problems of older women are exacerbated by health systems which ignore their health needs, i.e., unavailability of suitable contraceptives. Low-birth-weight babies and anemia are caused by exhaustion from constant pregnancy, particularly at young ages. Promotion of breast feeding and the availability of appropriate contraceptives for birth spacing are needed. Midwives are often unaware of the problems associated with unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion, i.e., morbidity and mortality. Birth spacing information needs to be provided in pre- and post-natal care. Midwives also may not be trained or allowed to provide triage for incomplete or septic abortion. The public health system has failed to provide acceptable methods of birth control. Education and regulatory processes are needed to allow midwives to provide contraceptives.
 ...
PMID:Abortion: its contribution to maternal mortality. 159 87

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia have been observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. To investigate whether red cells (RBCs) of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection were coated with IgG and/or complement (C3), blood samples of 239 patients were tested. The prevalence of a positive direct antiglobulin test on RBCs was 16.7 percent. By use of an enzyme-linked antiglobulin test (ELAT) to measure more accurately the number of IgG molecules per RBC in a group of 67 patients, 30 of the 67 individuals were observed to have increased numbers (mean, 155) compared to normal controls and to patients with hypergammaglobulinemia due to multiple myeloma or chronic liver disease. Hemoglobin level was correlated with the number of IgG molecules per RBC (p = 0.008), but no correlation could be demonstrated between those numbers and serum immunoglobulin (p = 0.10) or circulating immune complexes (p = 0.38). Our results with ELAT suggest that some AIDS patients may have specific binding of IgG on the surface of their RBCs, rather than nonspecific uptake; further clinical correlations are necessary to confirm these findings.
 ...
PMID:Quantitation of red cell-bound IgG by an enzyme-linked antiglobulin test in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. 162 45

The structural regions that comprise the functional domains of lentivirus Tat proteins were examined. Chimeric tat genes and chimeric viral promoters were constructed between the distantly related human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). These exchange experiments revealed that the EIAV Tat-responsive element recognition domain is formed by two distinct structural regions. Activation domains of both HIV-1 and EIAV Tat contain a conserved core element, but at least HIV-1 Tat requires the presence of additional structural regions. The interchangeable nature of Tat activation domains suggests that these domains act through a common or ubiquitous cellular transcription factor.
 ...
PMID:Identification of lentivirus tat functional domains through generation of equine infectious anemia virus/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat gene chimeras. 164 77

A hairpinlike structure is predicted to exist at the 5' end of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) RNA which is similar in many ways to the human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) Tat-responsive element (TAR). In EIAV, this structure has a shorter stem than in HIV-1 and lacks the uridine bulge. Primer extension analysis of EIAV RNA was used to identify the transcriptional start site in the viral long terminal repeat. Premature termination of primer elongation at the predicted double-stranded RNA region was frequently observed and suggests that the inferred hairpin structure exists under these conditions. We have functionally characterized EIAV TAR by site-directed mutagenesis and transient gene expression analysis. It is demonstrated here that the secondary structure of this element is essential for Tat action. Mutations that disrupted base pairing abolished TAR function, and compensatory mutations that restored the stem structure resulted in Tat activation. The TAR loop appears to be closed by two U.G base pairs that are likely to provide a unique structural motif recognized by the Tat protein. With one exception, substitutions of nucleotides within the EIAV loop sequence decreased TAR function. All nucleotide substitutions of the cytidine at position +14 increased EIAV Tat responsiveness; however, its deletion abolished trans activation. Our results lead us to propose that the EIAV and HIV-1 Tat systems employ closely related cis- and trans-acting components that probably act by the same mechanism.
 ...
PMID:Mutational analysis of the equine infectious anemia virus Tat-responsive element. 164 78

In the 6-year period 1984-1989, 101 liver biopsies or 'needle necropsies' from human immunodeficiency virus positive patients were examined histologically. Of these, only nine showed no abnormality whatsoever. The commonest histological findings were either fatty change or changes related to co-existent chronic viral hepatitis. Granulomas were seen in 15 cases, four of which were positive for acid-fast bacilli. A range of organisms were recorded: cytomegalovirus (4); Histoplasma capsulatum (1); Pneumocystis carinii (2); Cryptococcus neoformans (1); and Leishmania donovani (1). There were two cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but no cases of Kaposi's sarcoma. Marked iron deposition, which correlated with multiple blood transfusions was seen in nine biopsies. We were unable to identify any histological feature in the liver as being specific for HIV infection. The high incidence of liver abnormalities reflects: (i) the coincident exposure to hepatotropic viruses; (ii) the presence of opportunistic infections and neoplasms, usually part of a disseminated multi-organ process arising in the setting of profound immune depression; (iii) iatrogenic causes, in particular iron overload related to multiple blood transfusions received for treatment of zidovudine-induced anaemia; and (iv) non-specific changes associated with chronic debilitating disease.
 ...
PMID:Surgical pathology of the liver in HIV infection. 165 81

Anemia and neutropenia often develop in cats that are infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a lentivirus biologically similar to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To assess the role of FIV in the pathogenesis of these abnormalities, marrow culture studies were performed on nine asymptomatic, hematologically normal cats that were chronically infected with FIV. In these experiments, the frequencies of granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) and early and late erythroid progenitors (CFU-E and BFU-E, respectively) were equivalent to progenitor frequencies in simultaneously studied uninfected control cats. Asymptomatic FIV infection was not associated with a change in the cell-cycle kinetics of CFU-E, BFU-E, or CFU-GM, nor was there an alteration in the dose-response of BFU-E or CFU-GM to hematopoietic growth factors present in fibroblast-derived conditioned medium. Sera from FIV-infected cats supported progenitor growth in vitro as well as normal cat sera. Furthermore, there was no evidence that these sera contained complement-fixing antibodies that recognized hematopoietic progenitors. Therefore, these data show that the in vitro behavior of hematopoietic progenitors is not affected by FIV infection alone, and they are in agreement with recent evidence that human progenitors are not a major target of HIV infection. It is likely that factors associated with progressive immunodeficiency, opportunistic infections, nutritional deficiencies, or malignancies play significant roles in the cytopenias that develop during the symptomatic disease induced by FIV, and by analogy, HIV. Prospective marrow culture studies of FIV-infected cats that develop hematologic abnormalities should provide a valuable animal model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated hematologic disorders.
 ...
PMID:Hematopoiesis in asymptomatic cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. 165 20


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>