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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have considered the possibility that antigen-presenting cells of the dendritic cell lineage may be infected in vivo and spread HIV-1 at the time dendritic cells initiate the clonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Dendritic cells were isolated from 25 HIV-1-infected subjects (CDC stages II-IV). Fewer dendritic cells were recovered from most infected subjects. Reduced numbers of total non-T cells were also found in these patients, so that preferential loss of dendritic cells did not occur. Dendritic cell function was assessed by stimulatory capacity for allogeneic CD4+ T cells in the mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR). Potent MLR stimulator activity was retained in the dendritic cell-enriched populations from HIV-infected patients. Seven out of nine patients without AIDS (asymptomatic, lymphadenopathy or ARC) and three out of six patients with AIDS had proliferative responses equivalent to those induced by dendritic cells from controls. Dendritic cells from HIV+ subjects were able to initiate the expansion of allogeneic CD4+ T cell clones with cloning efficiency not different from controls and without evidence of cytopathic effect in the expanding CD4+ clones. In situ hybridization of the different mononuclear cell populations with a gag-specific riboprobe demonstrated positive cells in the T cell fractions of 12 of the 15 patients tested. None of the asymptomatic or ARC patients had riboprobe-positive cells in the dendritic cell-enriched populations. Four out of nine patients with AIDS had cells positive for HIV-1 expression in the dendritic cell-enriched fraction. However, the positive cells had the nuclear profile of lymphocytes, and by cytofluorography some residual low-density T cells were present. By limiting dilution and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CD4+ lymphocytes carried HIV provirus in inocula of 500-5000 cells, while provirus could only be detected in 50,000 cells from the dendritic cell-enriched fraction. The latter signal may be due to the demonstrated levels of T cell contamination. Our data indicate that productive or latent HIV-1 infection of blood dendritic cells in vivo is rare, certainly no greater than in T lymphocytes, and that in vitro dendritic cell preparations from patients can expand CD4+ T cells efficiently and therefore may be able to expand T cells with immunotherapeutic activity.
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PMID:During HIV-1 infection most blood dendritic cells are not productively infected and can induce allogeneic CD4+ T cells clonal expansion. 134 71

Certain immunological parameters (i.e. low CD4+ T cell numbers, high serum soluble CD8) have been described as prognostic factors for the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to later clinical stages. In the present study we have found in one hundred HIV-infected Spanish patients (81% drug abusers, 7% homosexuals, 6% heterosexuals, and 6% other or unknown risk groups) that CD11b+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells are increased in those with persistent lymphadenopathy as compared to other clinical stages (asymptomatic, AIDS-related complex and AIDS). Serum IgA was significantly increased in AIDS patients, and in patients at any other clinical stage who had concomitant infections (mainly mycobacterial and fungal). CD11b (an integrin with complement receptor functions) may thus be of clinical interest for the staging of HIV-infected patients, and reflect stage-selective immunological changes in mononuclear cell biology during HIV infection. High IgA on the other hand, would be a marker of concomitant infection as well as of disease progression. The results concern mostly drug addicts (the main risk group in Spain), but may apply to the other risk groups because no significant differences were detected between drug addicts (n = 81) and non-drug addicts (n = 19) for the studied variables (p greater than 0.05).
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PMID:CD11b-bearing mononuclear leucocytes and IgA levels in the staging of human immunodeficiency virus infection. 134 66

There have been three published cases of acquired immunodeficiency in which no evidence for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2 was found. We have identified five other individuals, from the New York City area (four who have known risk factors for HIV infection), with profound CD4 depletion and clinical syndromes consistent with definitions of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex. None had evidence of HIV-1, 2 infection, as judged by multiple serologies over several years, standard viral co-cultures for HIV p24 Gag antigen, and proviral DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency without evidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. 135 52

167 HIV-positive patients (155 men, 12 women; mean age 31 [18-61] years) with CD4 lymphocyte counts below 250/microliter every 4 weeks received 300 mg pentamidine per aerosol inhalation during out-patient visits, as prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii. 89 patients were clinically in the AIDS stage and 33 in the AIDS-related complex (ARC) stage. 29 patients had a lymphadenopathy syndrome, while 16 were asymptomatic. 130 patients received primary prophylaxis, while 37 who had previously had an attack of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were given pentamidine as secondary prophylaxis. During a mean observation period of 8 months three patients developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (1.7%): their CD4 lymphocyte count was under 20/microliters. Pentamidine inhalation reduced the incidence of a first attack of pneumonia to 0.18% per month and recurrence to 0.32% per month. These figures confirm the great effectiveness of primary and secondary prophylaxis with pentamidine inhalation.
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PMID:[The prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by pentamidine inhalation]. 135 21

Researchers analyzed data on 49 symptomatic patients with HIV-1 or HIV-2 at either the Royal Victoria Hospital in Banjul or the Medical Research Council Hospital in Fajara, the Gambia, between January 1987 and June 1990 to determine what clinical and laboratory factors best predicted survival in an African country. Patients with HIV-1 died at a faster rate than those with HIV-2 (median = 6 and 13 months, respectively), yet the difference was not significant. Diagnosis of AIDS and the Karnofsky score were strong clinical predictors of survival (p = .001 for AIDS vs. AIDS related complex (ARC), p = .003 for AIDS vs. not AIDS and p = .0001 for Karnofsky score, respectively). On the other hand, number of infections on admission, age, and HIV type were not related to survival. The most powerful laboratory predictors for survival included log(e) neopterin level (p = .001), log(e) beta 2 microglobulin level (p = .002), number of CD4 lymphocytes (p = .001), percentage CD4 lymphocytes (p = .003), and number of lymphocytes (p = .009). High levels of serum neopterin and beta 2 microglobulin and low numbers of CD4 cells or lymphocytes predicted poor survival times. The multivariate analysis showed that only CD4 counts (p = .015), log(e) neopterin (p = .005), and log(e) beta 2 microglobulin levels (p = .05) were laboratory predictors of survival assuming a diagnosis of ARC or AIDS. ARC patients with neopterin levels or or= 50 nmol/1 had 12 (6-26) and 26 (13-51) months to live, respectively. These corresponding figures for those with AIDS were 4 (3-6) and 9 (5-17) months. The median survival times were essentially the same for beta 2 microglobulin levels of 5 nmol/1. Physicians can use the easy to use Karnofsky score and laboratory measurements of serum neopterin or beta 2 microglobulin to make a prognosis for HIV infection in Africa. The advantages of these 2 laboratory procedures over CD4 counts are they are simpler and less expensive.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory predictors of survival in Gambian patients with symptomatic HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection. 135 48

Specific HIV-1 neutralizing activity was measured in single serum samples obtained from 52 individuals suffering from different stage of HIV disease, as well as in serum samples collected during a four years follow up of other 13 HIV-1 seropositive persons, from whose seven developed AIDS. Three of these persons were treated with azidothymidine. In the former group of single serum specimens, the specific neutralizing antibody positivity rate was 81 per cent in symptomless persons, 92 per cent in patients with ARC and 43 per cent in patients with AIDS. From 13 HIV-1 infected individuals, prospectively investigated from 1986 to 1990, six remained asymptomatic and no significant fluctuation of specific virus neutralizing antibody levels was noted. During this time period, remaining seven patients developed AIDS. In the sera of AIDS patients, specific neutralizing activity was either not detected or its titres were rather low before the appearance of clinical disease. Three AIDS patients were administered azidothymidine. Specific neutralizing antibody titres increased significantly one month after the beginning of azidothymidine administration and persisted at relatively high levels over several months of follow up.
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PMID:Virus neutralizing antibodies at different stages of the HIV disease: increased levels after azidothymidine treatment. 135 67

Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome frequently suffer peripheral neuropathy. We investigated its prevalence and relationship to clinical stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection using quantitative sensory testing and nerve conduction testing. Vibratory threshold was determined in the right great toe and index finger of 179 men seropositive for HIV (28 with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS] or AIDS-related complex [ARC], 151 asymptomatic) and 32 HIV-seronegative controls. None had clinical peripheral neuropathy. Abnormal threshold was control mean plus 2.5 SDs. In the toe, 10 (36%) of 28 subjects with AIDS or ARC had abnormal vibratory thresholds, compared with seven (5%) of 151 asymptomatic seropositive subjects and none of 32 controls. A subgroup of 168 seropositive subjects underwent nerve conduction testing. Abnormality rates were similar, but abnormalities of nerve conduction coincided with quantitative sensory testing abnormalities in only half the cases. Mean (+/-SD) vibratory threshold was significantly greater in subjects with AIDS or ARC (3.00 +/- 0.51 vibratory units) than in asymptomatic subjects (1.56 +/- 0.27 vibratory units) and controls (1.63 +/- 0.54 vibratory units). Finger abnormality rates did not differ, although subjects with AIDS or ARC had greater mean vibratory threshold. Subclinical peripheral neuropathy is thus related to stage of HIV infection and is present by quantitative sensory testing in 36% of patients with AIDS or ARC.
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PMID:Sensory testing in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected men. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group. 136 Feb 2

Sera obtained from 27 HIV-infected persons were investigated for complement-dependent humoral cytotoxicity. Uninfected as well as HTLV-IIIB-infected H9 cells were used as cellular targets either before or after stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con-A). The degree of cytotoxicity was determined by 51Cr-release assay. Two different antibodies could be found in sera of HIV-infected persons, one being directed against HIV-induced cell surface component(s) and the other reacting with structure(s) present on activated T4 cells. Asymptomatic HIV-carries were found to have antibodies exerting complement-dependent cytotoxicity to HIV-infected T4 cells. These antibodies were reactive mainly after stimulation of HIV-infected target cells by Con-A. Sera of ARC and AIDS patients contained autoantibodies reactive with PHA-stimulated or HIV-infected T4 lymphocytes. These data suggest that HIV-specific antibodies represent an anti-viral immune defense, while autoantibodies may be important in destruction of the immune system in AIDS.
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PMID:Prevalence and specificity of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in different stages of HIV infection. 136 23

In order to understand the significance of presence of HIV-1 in saliva, we searched for by PCR HIV-1 proviral sequences in the saliva cells of 49 HIV-1 infected patients. Seven out 49 specimens resulted positive, 4 of which were from patients with PGL, 1 with ARC and 2 with AIDS. Four patients had a CD4+ lymphocyte counts < 200/cmm and in 3 patients the CD4+ lymphocyte count ranged from 200 to 400/cmm. Two patients were treated with AZT, 1 with DDI and 4 had no antiretroviral treatment. In conclusion, although HIV-1 proviral sequences have been found in saliva of HIV-1 infected patients, a larger group of patients should be investigated to define more precisely the role of HIV-1 in saliva.
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PMID:[HIV-1 proviral DNA sequences in the saliva of patients with HIV infection]. 136 55

We have studied 61 HIV-seropositive heroin addicts (18 asymptomatic, 20 ARC, and 23 AIDS cases), 26 HIV-seronegative heroin addicts, and 45 healthy blood donors, matching the groups each other for age and sex. We have focused on the phenotypic characteristics of B subpopulations in the peripheral blood of HIV-seropositive and -seronegative drug abusers, paying particular attention to the consistence of the "CD20+" B cell subset, which poorly expresses the CD21 membrane receptor for the C3d and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (referred to as "CD20 + CD21-" subset). In healthy blood donors, the ratio CD20 + CD21-/CD20+ x 100 is extremely low (mean +/- SEM = 8.1 +/- 0.9) and rarely exceeds the value of 20. On the contrary, in HIV seropositives, the values are much more dispersed, with higher mean values (mean +/- SEM = 25.8 +/- 1.8) ranging from 50 to 60. An intermediate situation characterizes the class of HIV-seronegative heroin addicts, whose values are slightly higher and more dispersed than that of normal controls (mean +/- SEM = 11.6 +/- 1.3). The extent of the amplification of the CD20 + CD21- subset in HIV-seropositive individuals does not apparently correlate with the progression of the disease and represents an early event in the clinical course of HIV infection. For each subject of the study group, the number of CD20 + CD21- B lymphocytes is not correlated to other early markers of HIV infection, as the T4 lymphocyte number, or total Ig levels in sera. A functional characterization of the CD20 + CD21- B cell subset indicates that, in HIV-seropositive patients, these cells are unable to produce specific and nonspecific immunoglobulins (Ig's), either spontaneously or after pokeweed mitogen stimulation. Furthermore, this cell subset is characterized by poor expression of surface Ig's. The data reported suggest that this cell subset can be regarded as situated at an early level of B cell lineage differentiation.
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PMID:Identification of a CD21 receptor-deficient, non-Ig-secreting peripheral B lymphocyte subset in HIV-seropositive drug abusers. 137 Mar 96


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