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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The DNA and nuclear antigens of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been detected in specimens of tissue of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. To determine whether there is serologic evidence of an active EBV infection in these disorders, we conducted a case-control study. The case patients were 10 children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and EBV genome-positive pneumonitis or lymphoma. We randomly selected one or, if available, two matched control patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection for each index patient and compared their EBV serologic profiles with those of the index case patient at the time of the biopsy. Ten case patients and 13 matched control patients were enrolled. All 10 case patients (100%) compared with 2 (15%) of 13 matched control patients had serologic evidence of either a primary or a reactivated EBV infection at the time the index patient had a biopsy performed (p less than 0.001). Therefore we found serologic and virologic evidence that EBV is etiologically related to EBV-associated lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Serologic evidence of active Epstein-Barr virus infection in Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 131 May 7

Murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) develops when C57B1/6 mice are inoculated with LP-BM5 murine leukemia viruses. Disease progression in these animals is characterized by lymphadenopathy, polyclonal B-cell activation, severe immunodeficiency, and death. Mice with MAIDS have been used to examine the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies for possible use in AIDS patients. In the present work, MAIDS mice were employed to test the hypothesis that established retroviral infection might be cured by the combined use of a cytotoxic agent (cyclophosphamide) and total body irradiation--a regimen reported to have successfully cured HIV-1 infection in one AIDS patient. Results indicate that the ablation of retrovirus-infected lymphoid cells reduced but did not eliminate LP-BM5 infection. Moreover, this regimen was no more effective at controlling virus proliferation or preventing the polyclonal IgG activation characteristic of murine AIDS than was AZT alone.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992 Jan
PMID:Effect of cyclophosphamide, total body irradiation, and zidovudine on retrovirus proliferation and disease progression in murine AIDS. 131 Jun 3

We have shown previously that human sperm bind and enter leukocytes expressing surface HLA class II molecules. In the present study, mutant B lymphoblastoid cells and HLA-DR-transfected murine 3T3 fibroblasts are used to confirm that HLA class II molecules are somatic cell receptors for sperm. Further, for isolated HLA-DR expressed on murine cells, we show that sperm receptor activity requires the presence of sulfated carbohydrates. As carriers of multiple HLA-DR binding ligands, sperm may 1) mimic the target cell-activating effects of anti-DR antibody and 2) bind HIV through CD4-like or alternate receptors. By these or other mechanisms, sperm/somatic cell interactions in the female reproductive tract may affect fertility and potentiate the sexual transmission of AIDS.
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PMID:Binding of sperm to somatic cells via HLA-DR. Modulation by sulfated carbohydrates. 131 31

167 cocaine-dependent male admissions to an inpatient alcohol and drug treatment program at West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center in 1988-89 were studied to identify determinants of HIV infection and issues relevant in planning risk-reduction behavior. Criteria for cocaine drug dependent diagnosis was based on the staff physician's determination according to the DSM-III-R. 18% were at least 29 years old, 51% were 30-39 years, 26% were 40-49 years, and 5% were 50 years. 53% were black, 32% white, 7% Hispanic,and 8% other. 38% were unemployed, 33% had full-time employment, and 10% worked part-time. 19% received welfare or disability or had irregular jobs. 16% were homeless at the time of the interview. 76% had a high school education or higher. 57% had an income US $15,000/year. 42% were separated or divorced. 88% had been in jail for at least 1 day. The average score on the knowledge of AIDS 6-point scale was 4.45 with iv drug users (IVDUs) having the highest scores. 25% had been tested previously for HIV infection. 10.6% of the 47 tested were seropositive. Most had prior other drug and alcohol use. 74% perceived themselves to be cocaine dependent. 20% (32) had used iv drugs within 6 months of the interview of which 88% were iv cocaine users (IVCUs). Most heavy IVCUs concentrated use within 1-3 months. 50% reported iv heroin use. IVCU drug use was between 1-10 times a month. Source of needle acquisition is provided. 21% used a needle only once. 46% reused needles 2-6 times, and 33% 10 times. 94% (31) reported sharing needles with 1 other person and 55% in group situations of whom 26% were strangers. 10% in group situations shared in shooting galleries and 13% with strangers. Only 5 of the 33 IVDUs reported using effective needle cleaning methods. 85% had sex with female partners and 7% had male sex partners. 71 % of heterosexuals and 75% of homosexuals had 1-5 partners. 3% (5) of the total sample of 67 had male IVDU sex partners. 21% had sex with female IVDUs. 60% of those having sex with IVDUs had 1-5 partners. 16.2% reported participating in anal sex with 5 partners. 91.7% did use condoms regularly. 50% reported being high during sex. 11% reported being paid for sex. 17% recognized being at greater risk and 41% thought their risk was lower. 72% reported behavior changes to reduce the risk of HIV infection. Subjects report fewer sexual contacts than previous studies. More pay for sex with crack. Female use patterns are different. IVDUs and non-IVCUs are likely to contribute to the spread of HIV in several populations.
AIDS Educ Prev 1992
PMID:HIV-related risk behaviors among cocaine users. 131 41

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a pathogen causing major disease in an HIV-infected individual. This AIDS-related opportunistic infection results in severe morbidity from chorioretinitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis, adrenalitis, esophagitis, cholangitis, and hepatitis. The author provides a comprehensive overview of CMV infection as seen in adults with HIV disease and related nursing care, and discusses issues related to concerns about occupational exposure among healthcare workers.
J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care
PMID:Nursing care of the adult client with AIDS and cytomegalovirus infection. 131 17

The drug zidovudine (AZT), a synthetic thymidine analogue, has been used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clinical use of zidovudine has induced haematopoietic toxicity manifested by anaemia, neutropenia, frequent thrombocytopenia, and overall bone-marrow suppression. The monovalent cation lithium has been shown to be an effective agent capable of modulating several aspects of haematopoiesis such as the induction of neutrophilia, thrombopoiesis, and protection against suppression of haematopoietic progenitor stem cells following exposure to anticancer drugs and/or radiation in the treatment of malignant disease. We here report the results of studies designed to evaluate the effectiveness of lithium in reversing and/or protecting against either murine or human bone marrow derived haematopoietic progenitors, i.e. (CFU-GM, CFU-Meg, and BFU-E) when co-cultured in the presence of zidovudine in vitro. Lithium chloride (LiCl) reversed zidovudine toxicity to either murine or human derived CFU-GM and CFU-Meg that was optimal at a concentration of 1 mM (P less than 0.05). However, the addition of lithium failed to influence zidovudine toxicity toward either murine or human BFU-E. In summary, these results support the scant clinical studies that have described the presence of neutrophilia and/or thrombopoiesis in zidovudine-treated AIDS patients receiving lithium. In addition, these data further confirm the need for more detailed evaluation of lithium as an adjuvant agent to reduce the haematopoietic toxicity associated with the use of antiviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.
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PMID:Effective modulation of the haematopoietic toxicity associated with zidovudine exposure to murine and human haematopoietic progenitor stem cells in vitro with lithium chloride. 131 88

Sera from a sample of healthy Italian people were tested in an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for reactivity to a Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) strain called CV, isolated from a baby with exanthem subitum (Portolani et al., 1990). Seropositivity values of 83.78%, 92.68% and 63.64% were found in subjects aged 3 months-6 years, 6-18 years and over 18 years respectively. Sera from cordal blood, sera from subjects with evidence of active infection by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) or by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), sera from seropositive adults to Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) were also investigated for antibodies to the same HHV-6 strain. Values of antibody incidence and antibody content to HHV-6 in these groups of sera were generally higher than in the other groups. HHV-6 reinfections of both endogenous and exogenous origin and antibody cross-reactivity were considered among the reasons of this increase. HHV-6 seropositivity values in healthy Italian people and in people from different countries were also discussed in the light of the antigenic characteristics of the HHV-6 strains used and of the different test conditions.
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PMID:IgG antibodies to human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) in Italian people. 131 31

Sine-wave transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of varying frequencies applied across the cranium (ear to ear) has been demonstrated to evoke three different noncutaneous sensations in three discrete, nonoverlapping frequency bands in normal, healthy subjects. This report describes two studies which evaluate perception of these cranial TENS-evoked, frequency-dependent sensations in normal and HIV-positive individuals. In Exp. I, all of 50 normal, healthy subjects reported perceiving the same three noncutaneous sensations in the same three nonoverlapping frequency bands as long as stimulated and over repeated trials. In Exp. II, 34 HIV-positive individuals (14 asymptomatic, 9 ARC, 11 AIDS) who were free of neurological symptoms differed significantly from 10 normal, healthy controls, and from the norms observed in Exp. I, on perception of the three different TENS-evoked sensations. Also, inability to maintain perception of the stimulus over repeated trials, observed only in the HIV-positive individuals, increased significantly with severity of HIV infection.
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PMID:Perception of different frequencies of cranial transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in normal and HIV-positive individuals. 131 60

This study examined whether methadone maintenance treatment decreases drug injection enough to significantly limit HIV-1 transmission among injection drug users (IDU). When HIV-1 seroconversion status among prospectively followed methadone maintenance clients was analyzed by treatment retention, 1/56 (2%) of those who remained continuously in treatment seroconverted while 8/42 (19%) of those whose methadone treatment was interrupted seroconverted. When controlled for length of follow up, the difference in seroconversion rate was not statistically significant. Subjects in continuous treatment had a seroconversion rate of 0.7 per 100 person years (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.1, 5.3) and those with interrupted treatment a rate of 4.3 per 100 person years (95% CI = 2.2, 8.6). Subjects in continuous treatment reported less needle sharing (p less than 0.0002), fewer needle sharing partners (p less than 0.002), fewer sexual partners (p less than 0.03), and were more likely to be women (p less than 0.01). These data indicate the need for larger studies to evaluate both client and drug treatment program characteristics which might concomitantly increase treatment retention and decrease HIV-1 risk.
AIDS Care 1992
PMID:Methadone maintenance treatment and HIV type 1 seroconversion among injecting drug users. 131 99

The prevalence of lower genital neoplasia and Human Papilloma-virus-related genital lesions were evaluated in a cohort of 75 women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection at different stages of HIV disease. The overall rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in the group studied was 29.3% (22/75). Eight out of 10 high-grade CIN lesions contained 'high-risk' HPV-DNA 16/18 and/or 31/35/51 as demonstrated by 'in situ' hybridization with biotinylated probes. Vulvar and/or perianal condylomata were histologically diagnosed in 14 patients (18.7%); nine of these biopsies contained detectable HPV-DNA which was always related to HPV 6/11. The rate of high-grade CIN in symptomatic HIV-infected patients was 28% (7/25) as compared to 6% (3/50) of the other cases (P = 0.022). CD4 lymphocyte counts, white blood cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio and percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes were lower in patients with high-grade CIN in comparison to the patients with negative colposcopical and/or cytological examination. After adequate standard treatment (cryotherapy, electrocauterization, cold-knife conization) only one case of CIN 2 recurred during the 2 years of follow-up period. The prevalence of lower genital neoplasia and HPV-related lesions among HIV-infected women is high and seems to correlate with the severity of HIV disease.
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PMID:Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of lower genital neoplasia in women with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 131 1


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