Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, in collaboration with the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn, N.Y., conducted a multi-center, multi-institutional study of the seroprevalence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among dialysis workers. Seven dialysis units and 112 dialysis workers participated in the study over a period of 2 years. Participation was limited to dialysis workers who, by questionnaire, denied non-occupational risk factors for HIV infection. The vast majority of the study participants were drawn from areas where the prevalence of HIV infection and AIDS cases are substantially greater than the national average. Study participants received the ELISA test for HIV antibodies. All 112 of the participants tested negative for HIV antibodies. These results are encouraging, as they failed to reveal unrecognized occupational transmission of HIV infection among dialysis workers.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus in dialysis workers: results of a multi-center study. 130 Apr 40

India has launched a liberalization of its economy with restructuring, privatization, and increased imports in order to achieve higher economic performance. This drive also affected the pharmaceutical industry and drug distribution, but in a negative manner. In the 1980s there were 9000 drug manufacturers that together produced up to 60,000 different preparations. In 1992, only 20,000 drugs were produced. The Voluntary Health Organization of India (VHAI) has fought for 10 years for a rational policy on medicines to halt the production of worthless or outright harmful products. For instance, anabolic steroids are sold as nutritional supplements to children, and the banned clioquinol is regularly used against diarrhea despite an international boycott. In recent years unscrupulous manufacturers have sold contaminated water as glucose for infusion bags and anti-D-immunoglobulin which was contaminated with HIV-infected blood. In northern India, a criminal organization bought up used cannulas from hospitals and repacked them for resale as new supplies. While a new medicine policy is formulated, there is a serious shortage of life-saving drugs such as insulin and rifampicin. In the last years, prices have exploded as some products have become six times more expensive. The whole national health system has undergone cost cuts to comply with an ultimatum from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; otherwise, sorely needed dollar loans would not be forthcoming. Funds for fighting tuberculosis and malaria have been trimmed, although AIDS and family planning budgets have been increased. One-fourth of the state health expenditures go to combat AIDS, since about 1 million people are infected with HIV. The pharmaceutical industry has also been embroiled in a patent protection wrangle with American drug exporters who claim that Retrovir or AZT (developed by Burroughs Wellcome) was pirated by the Cipla firm, whereas Cipla countered that it was ferreted out from scientific journals.
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PMID:[India: an expensive and dangerous drug]. 130 Jun 63

Nurses need to be aware that pneumocystosis is one of the most common and lethal opportunistic infections among AIDS patients. They are extremely susceptible because HIV impairs physiological mechanisms for microbial defense. Patients exhibit only minor symptomatology while the unchecked P carinii organisms accumulate and replicate. Eventually as the sporozoans create a physical barrier between the alveolar-capillary membranes, ventilation becomes impaired and severe hypoxemia develops. Early clinical and diagnostic studies mimic the findings characteristic of ARDS. Unless correct staining techniques are used on sputum specimens, the organism often escapes identification. Thus, the diagnosis and specific treatment of PCP is often delayed. While supporting ventilation, the treatment of choice is administration of antimetabolite drugs, either trimethoprim-sulfame-thoxazole or pentamidine isethionate. The search for more effective, as well as safer, treatment of PCP continues. Life-threatening nursing diagnoses such as impaired gas exchange urgently require priority attention. Besides physical care, the severe hypoxemia demands nursing approaches to help the critically ill patient deal with fear and powerlessness. The nurse also assumes a surrogate role to patients abandoned by family and friends. The psychosocial aspects of nursing care require enormous skill and finesse, because the blood and respiratory isolation precautions can communicate mixed messages to lonely, frightened patients.
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PMID:Pneumocystosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 848 Dec 5

There is an increasingly body of evidence, obtained both in vitro and in vivo, showing that exogenous opioids have a variety of effects on cells of the immune system. The consequence is that opiates at pharmacological concentrations suppress cell-mediated immunity, as reflected by depressed T-dependent antibody production by B lymphocytes, altered T lymphocyte functions such as proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity, graft-versus-host responses and decreased cytotoxic NK cell activity. The macrophage/monocyte oxidative burst and phagocytosis are also impaired, effects probably mediated by various opioid receptor types as they are blocked or reversed by naloxone, an opioid antagonist. Other possible mechanisms of interaction remain to be elucidated: exogenous opioids can act on neurons of the central nervous system, thereby activating the neuroendocrine system with a subsequent increase in serum glucocorticoid levels. Another potential link between the central nervous system and lymphoid tissue is the sympathetic nervous system, via which opioid-induced activation could result in noradrenergic inhibition of the immune system. The clinical consequences of these suppressive effects on the immune system are seen in the striking increase in the incidence of infections in intravenous opioid addicts. The advent of AIDS and the identification of intravenous drug abusers as a critical risk group have propelled interest in this area. Data obtained both in vitro and in vivo with various experimental models shows that morphine increases susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections, the latter effect possibly being related to a depressive effect of opioids on gamma-interferon levels. The dosage and time of administration strongly influence the results: it appears that chronic opioid treatment in vivo induces a state of immune tolerance, with normal resistance to viral infections, whereas short or single administration has a detrimental effect. In the former context, other factors such as a morphine-induced increase in CD4+ cell numbers may tend to enhance the infectivity of HIV-infected subjects.
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PMID:Opiates and immune function. Consequences on infectious diseases with special reference to AIDS. 130 43

The first AIDS patient was a homosexual male who contacted HIV infection in 1982 in Tanzania. In December 1985 the first sign of Kaposi's sarcoma was noted in this patient. HIV infection was diagnosed in him only in February 1987. He was treated with AZT, reaferon, immunoglobulin and underwent electronic therapy. His state of health was stable till February 1991. Then he got severe bacterial pneumonia, candidosis. Pancytopenia progressed. The dose of AZT (0.8 g daily) was increased and intensive antibiotic therapy and the course of diflucan were prescribed. In spite of this treatment the number of CD4 lymphocytes catastrophically decreased (CD4 = 0.01 x 10(9)/l) and the patient died. Thus, more than 63 months passed from the date of the appearance of the first symptoms of AIDS in the patient to his death.
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PMID:[The first case of HIV infection in a citizen of the USSR]. 130 54

We present studies on the evolution of HIV-1 infection in 638 hemophilic patients receiving commercial antihemophilic concentrates (CAH) at the Institute of Hematological Research and the Argentine Foundation of Hemophilia between 1983 and 1990. Positive serology for HIV-1 was detected in 30% of the patients studied. Prevalence of HIV-1 infection was higher (about 70%) in the group with severe hemophilia requiring more CAH, but there were no differences between patients with hemophilia A or B. Sexual transmission was demonstrated in 8/64 women (13%) with stable sexual relationship with HIV-1 + hemophilic patients. Three of them became pregnant, and HIV-1 infection was demonstrated in two of the three children. In general, the clinical evolution, as well as the hematologic and immunologic parameters of infected patients were similar to those described for the hemophilic population in other occidental countries. Opportunistic infections were also those observed elsewhere (with predominance of P. carinii pneumonia and disseminated Candida infections). However, the presence of fatal chagasic encephalitis in two of the patients with AIDS is unusual. Thus, central nervous system localization of T. cruzi (which can be observed during the acute period of T. cruzi infection or in immunosuppressed patients), must be considered as a possible severe complication of HIV-1 disease in T. cruzi infected patients.
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PMID:[HIV-1 infection in patients with hemophilia. The Argentinian experience from 1983 to 1990]. 130 88

In South Africa the incidence of AIDS in the white community has remained relatively low, and largely confined to homosexuals, intravenous drug users, and prostitutes. In the black population it is primarily a heterosexual disease spread by normal heterosexual contact. A national epidemiological survey among women attending antenatal clinics was carried out by the South African Department of National Health in 1990. 14,376 antenatal samples were anonymously tested: Whites - 0.06% HIV positive; Coloreds - 0.16% HIV positive; and Blacks - 0.89% HIV positive. An analysis of blood donors showed a similar prevalence and revealed that the incidence was doubling every 8-10 months. The Border Blood Transfusion Service (BBTS) served a population of 5,731,000, comprising 5,594,000 Blacks and 137,000 Whites. In the area served by the BBTS, the incidence of HIV positivity in the white population was 0.02%. In the black community the incidence had reached 0.45%, and was doubling every 8-10 months. In the BBTS, 67% of the blood collected was from black donors. By applying exclusion criteria to high-risk groups in the white community, there had not been a single HIV positive among 102,724 donations collected since the inception of HIV testing in 1985. In the black community, out of 183,802 donations collected since the inception of HIV testing, 115 HIV positives were found. 114 were in the 17-39 year old group regarded as high risk, and only 1 occurred in the 40-year and older age group. Therefore, a recruiting program to be widely advertised was devised in which the individual would receive regular health reports after every 3rd blood donation, including his HIV status, at no cost. Routine tests done for every blood donor would be supplemented by carrying out additional tests: a more extensive clinical history and examination; a full hematological profile; a blood cholesterol level; and a careful appraisal of the donor's height and weight.
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PMID:The impact of AIDS on blood transfusion services in South Africa. 130 68

All retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) proteins contain one or two copies of an invariant 3Cys-1His array (CCHC = C-X2-C-X4-H-X4-C; C = Cys, H = His, X = variable amino acid) that are essential for RNA genome packaging and infectivity and have been proposed to function as zinc-binding domains. Although the arrays are capable of binding zinc in vitro, the physiological relevance of zinc coordination has not been firmly established. We have obtained zinc-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra for intact retroviruses in order to determine if virus-bound zinc, which is present in quantities nearly stoichiometric with the CCHC arrays (Bess, J.W., Jr., Powell, P.J., Issaq, H.J., Schumack, L.J., Grimes, M.K., Henderson, L.E., & Arthur, L.O., 1992, J. Virol. 66, 840-847), exists in a unique coordination environment. The viral EXAFS spectra obtained are remarkably similar to the spectrum of a model CCHC zinc finger peptide with known 3Cys-1His zinc coordination structure. This finding, combined with other biochemical results, indicates that the majority of the viral zinc is coordinated to the NC CCHC arrays in mature retroviruses. Based on these findings, we have extended our NMR studies of the HIV-1 NC protein and have determined its three-dimensional solution-state structure. The CCHC arrays of HIV-1 NC exist as independently folded, noninteracting domains on a flexible polypeptide chain, with conservatively substituted aromatic residues forming hydrophobic patches on the zinc finger surfaces. These residues are essential for RNA genome recognition, and fluorescence measurements indicate that at least one residue (Trp37) participates directly in binding to nucleic acids in vitro. The NC is only the third HIV-1 protein to be structurally characterized, and the combined EXAFS, structural, and nucleic acid-binding results provide a basis for the rational design of new NC-targeted antiviral agents and vaccines for the control of AIDS.
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PMID:Nucleocapsid zinc fingers detected in retroviruses: EXAFS studies of intact viruses and the solution-state structure of the nucleocapsid protein from HIV-1. 130 55

Out of a total of 1,600 foreign students who came to India between June 1989 and October 1990, 22 were seropositive for HIV-1. Ten showed antibodies to all the gene products. Antibodies to gp160 and p24 were present in all the seropositives while antibodies to p53, p15/17 were significantly higher in healthy seropositives than in patients with full blown AIDS. Absence of antibodies to p15/17 and p53 thus appeared to be a more sensitive criterion of end stage disease than absence of anti- p24 antibodies. When seropositive samples from African students were checked for HIV-2 antibodies by ELISA, 13/22 were found to be positive. Further, 2/10 Indians with full blown AIDS were also strongly positive for HIV-2. These data could be of relevance for formulating future strategies for population-based screening for HIV-2.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of HIV infected foreign students and Indian with AIDS in Chandigarh, India. 130 16

HIV infection develops not only to AIDS, but it is also a leading risk factor for the development of many other infectious diseases due to the depletion of T lymphocytes such as the interrelated prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS. Surveillance conducted in the 1988-1989 in the US and other recent studies found a serious epidemiological relation. Thailand has an endemic disease, melioidosis, caused by P. pseudomallei living in environmental soil and water. The disease takes various clinical types; localized, systemic, acute, subacute, chronic, and inapparent; presenting symptoms undistinguishable from many other infectious diseases. Pulmonary melioidosis shows a clinical feature similar to lung tuberculosis which occurs more easily in the individuals of impaired immunity, such as diabetes patients. According to available literatures, one case of recurrent melioidosis has been reported in Thailand as a complication of AIDS. The patient was a German homosexual male who had been living in the country for more than 10 years and showed a fatal course with interstitial pneumonitis. Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand, is an area endemic for both TB and melioidosis, as well as a major supplier of laborers to Bangkok. A preliminary survey was conducted for the prevalence of HIV infections in pulmonary TB and melioidosis patients in Ubon Ratchathani province. TB was found to be prevalent in the province to a greater extent than in most other provinces and melioidosis is endemic. Four individuals were found to be HIV-seropositive amid a total 551 suspected and culture-positive cases of pulmonary TB, while no HIV-seropositive case was found among 121 melioidosis patients. In view of the rapidly expanding HIV-infections in Thailand, careful attention will have to be given to the future epidemiological status of HIV infection in TB patients.
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PMID:A preliminary survey for human immunodeficient virus (HIV) infections in tuberculosis and melioidosis patients in Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. 130 71


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