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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate HIV-1 transmission from mother to child, samples taken from 3 HIV-1 sero-positive pregnant mothers, 3 children born by caesareans from their mothers and therapeutic abortion from 2 HIV-1 sero-positive mothers were tested for HIV-1 antibody by westernblot, p24 antigen by antigen captured ELISA, proviral DNA by Nested-PCR and isolation of HIV-1 virus from peripheral blood, cord blood, amniotic fluid and placenta. HIV-1 proviral DNA was detected in the peripheral blood of all mothers, but p24 antigen and virus isolation were not detected. None of the HIV-1 markers, except for antibody, was detected in the samples from their children and placenta. These facts strongly suggest that there was no HIV-1 transmission from mother to child.
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PMID:[Studies on maternal transmission of HIV-1]. 759 76

The object of this study supported by the French Agency for AIDs Research (ANRS) was to assess knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women towards HIV infection and testing, and to compare them according to the outcome of the pregnancy (elective abortion vs delivery). Between March 22 and April 26, 1992, all women ending their pregnancy and attending one of the 72 medical centres located in South-Eastern France were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire (n = 4303). 3,854 (89.6%) responded: 2,825 women at delivery (WD) and 764 who chose an elective abortion (WA). 61.7% of WD and 24.1% of WA declared having been tested for HIV during pregnancy (p < 0.001). Among women who reported not having been HIV tested, very few did so because they refused the test (1.7% among WD and 1.4% among WA-NS). Prior HIV testing was less frequent among WA than among WD (45.8% vs 58.8%--p < 0.001). 2.8% of women tested during prenatal care and 20% in the context of abortion did not know the result of their test (p < 0.001). Knowledge about HIV transmission declared by WD did not differ significantly from that declared by WA. However, risky behaviours were more frequent among WA than among WD (38.9% vs 17.7%--p < 0.001). This research shows that French screening HIV policy in the context of pregnancy remains mainly motivated by foetal concerns. Although women who abort voluntarily report risky behaviours more frequently, the opportunity of information and counselling towards them is relatively neglected in comparison with women who deliver.
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PMID:Differences in HIV testing, knowledge and attitudes in pregnant women who deliver and those who terminate: Prevagest 1992--France. 763 83

A random sample of 268 male freshmen of mean age 19.6 years at the State University of Campinas in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, responded to a questionnaire in 1990 on aspects of their sexuality from the beginning of their adolescence. Topics such as physical changes, first ejaculation, masturbation, homosexual manifestations, and sexual practices were investigated, as well as present attitudes toward virginity, intercourse, birth control, abortion, and AIDS prevention. The quality of their relationships with parents was also surveyed. The sample comprised 31% of the entering students for that year. 32% were living with their parents. Most respondents reported satisfactory development in most areas of their sexuality, as well as a good relationship with their parents. However, they found it very difficult to discuss sex within their family circles. 32% were still virgins at the end of their freshman year. 28% and 20% had homosexual manifestations during childhood/early adolescence and currently, respectively, including fantasies, attraction to men/boys, physical contact with men/boys, and sexual intercourse with men/boys. 38% of the sexually active men reported taking no measures to prevent pregnancy and HIV transmission.
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PMID:Psychosexual characteristics of male university students in Brazil. 767 73

During January 1991-December 1993 at Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, 91 of 24,856 (0.36%) pregnant women screened at their first prenatal visit for HIV tested positive for HIV antibodies. All were asymptomatic. AZT (Azidothymidine) was not administered. 8% of the HIV-seropositive women later admitted that they already knew their HIV status before coming for prenatal care from blood tests at other institutions. Eight women who tested HIV seronegative at the first screening tested HIV seropositive during the second routine screening at 28-32 weeks gestation, for a seroconversion rate of 0.03/100 seronegative tests at first screening. Researchers compared the 91 pregnant women testing HIV seropositive at the first screening with 182 HIV-seronegative pregnant women. After pretest counseling (a video presentation and information on voluntary testing), 100% of all pregnant women agreed to undergo HIV testing. The HIV seroprevalence rate increased from 0.13% to 0.47% during the study period. The leading risk factor for HIV infection was multiple sex partners (26.4% vs. 8.8%; p 0.05). The partners of 12% of the HIV-seropositive pregnant women tested HIV seronegative, resulting in considerable anxiety and difficulty in counseling the couples. After post-test counseling, 85.7% of the original 91 women opted for induced abortion. 13 of the original women and all of the seroconverted cases continued the pregnancy. The pregnant women who seroconverted made up 38% of the deliveries. The perinatal transmission rate was 19%. Infants born to the 8 mothers who seroconverted were more likely to test HIV positive than those born to mothers who tested positive at the first screening (37.5% vs. 7.7%; p 0.05). AZT administration to these women would have likely reduced the perinatal transmission rate. An infection led to the death of 1 infant in the seroconverted group at 5 months. Pregnancy outcomes did not differ between the HIV-seropositive group and the HIV-seronegative group.
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PMID:Routine voluntary antenatal anti-HIV screening in Bangkok, Thailand. 767 80

In 1991 in Orebro county in central Sweden, 118 women aged 23-29 attending the cytology outpatient clinic for a Papanicolaou test completed a questionnaire so researchers could learn about their contraceptive use, preferred contraceptive, reasons for using that contraceptive, and attitudes toward abortion. 88% used a birth control method. 80% used contraception to prevent unplanned pregnancies. The leading birth control methods were hormonal methods (43%) followed by barrier methods (22%) and combination of 2 methods (15%). 21% of all women used a condom, a rather low percentage considering the public debate on sexually transmitted diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS. Yet 79% of the women were in a monogamous relationship. 12% of all the women had had an abortion. 97% believed it to be wrong to consider abortion a birth control method. 67% thought that it is wrong to regulate fertility by abortion. 72% believed the women's current social situation to be an important argument for an abortion. The respondents knew that use of contraceptive methods grants them the ability to choose if and when they have children.
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PMID:Choice of contraceptive method for birth control and attitudes toward abortion in Swedish women ages 23-29. 770 42

Interferon (IFN) therapy is currently not approved for use during pregnancy. Two HIV-seropositive pregnant women, who were due to undergo abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy, were given a single intramuscular dose of IFN-alpha, with their informed consent. Blood samples were taken simultaneously from the mothers and fetuses, together with amniotic fluid. IFN was undetectable in the fetal blood and amniotic fluid in both cases. Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those in nonpregnant women. We conclude that maternal IFN-alpha during pregnancy should be safe for the fetus. The indications for IFN therapy in pregnancy could therefore be the same as those in the non-pregnant state.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of interferon-alpha in pregnant women and fetoplacental passage. 771 Jun 83

Pregnant women were asked to undergo a HIV test in two hospitals, one maternity clinic (n = 12.784; 1988-1993) and one abortion clinic (n = 2089; 1990-1993) in Amsterdam, in order to establish trends in HIV prevalence. Participation rates were 92.4% and 84.4%, respectively. Among pregnant women the overall HIV prevalence was 0.27% (0.04% for pregnant women without a known HIV risk and 2.6% for women with a known HIV risk) and in the abortion clinic the overall HIV prevalence was 0.91%. The HIV prevalence over the years remained fairly constant. In the most recent years a slight rise was noticed in the HIV prevalence in the group pregnant women with a known HIV risk caused by an increase in the number of women from AIDS endemic countries in this group.
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PMID:[Prevalence of HIV antibodies in pregnant women in the Amsterdam HIV reference station research, 1988-1993]. 775 40

The most important cyst-forming coccidian parasites in human and veterinary medicine belong the genera of Toxoplasma, Neospora and Sarcocystis. Toxoplasma gondii shows its clinical relevance in congenital infections and opportunistic infections in immunodeficient patients. In veterinary medicine the parasite is predominantly the cause of important economic loss in livestock production. Neospora causes diseases resembling toxoplasmosis; neosporosis is one of the most important causes of bovine abortion in the US. Neospora caninum leads to myositis and paralysis in dogs. The potential implication of Neospora in toxoplasmosis-like diseases in humans is not yet known. Sarcocystis is usually a relatively harmless intestinal parasite in humans. Recent data from tropical areas suggest that man can also become an intermediate host for certain Sarcocystis species, which potentially represents a source of opportunistic infection and disease in areas with increasing HIV prevalence. In veterinary medicine, Sarcocystis causes muscle diseases and also abortion or myeloencephalitis with lethal outcome in certain animal species. Molecular-epidemiological investigations have resulted in a new understanding of biological and population-genetic mechanisms relevant to the disease. Recently developed molecular techniques, such as transfection in protozoan parasites, are presently used not only to elucidate molecular-pathogenetic events in the course of disease, but also to prepare potential new immuno-therapeutic tools for future vaccination against infection or disease.
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PMID:[Cyst-forming Coccidia: Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis]. 777 Jul 50

Rarity of HIV-associated disseminated lymphomas in children initiated this report. The patient was an 18-month-old girl who had a history of chronic cervical lymphadenopathy since 6 months of age. She was first seen because of rapid enlargement of an inguinal lymphnode. The bone marrow aspirate was compatible with Burkitt's lymphoma, L3 cell-type. She was treated with chemotherapy without satisfactory success. She developed neurological involvement of lymphoma. Accidental sharp injury which contaminated her blood, in a medical personnel leaded to having her blood tested for anti-HIV and it was found positive. Her mother had positive anti-HIV presumably acquired from blood transfusion after an abortion in early 1988. It occurred before the donated blood was compulsively tested for anti-HIV. She died at the age of 24 months.
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PMID:Disseminated Burkitt's lymphoma in a child with AIDS. 782 98

Whereas the risk of infant mortality is nine times higher in the least developed countries as compared to industrialized countries, the risk of maternal mortality is often more than 100 times higher. Approximately 75% of the 500,000 maternal deaths which occur each year are attributed to hemorrhage, sepsis, toxemia, obstructed labor, and the complications of unsafe abortion. Appropriate prenatal care would 1) prevent or detect and treat life- and health-threatening abnormalities; 2) prepare the mother for the demands of labor and motherhood and counsel her on diet, exercise, rest, and drug treatment; 3) prepare the mother psychologically and emotionally for child-bearing; and 4) provide general health screening. Special attention should be paid to complications, postpartum hemorrhage, reduction of low birth weight, resuscitation techniques for the newborn, and hygiene. The reduction in maternal and infant deaths will require an intersectoral approach and will benefit from the following: 1) giving high priority to maternal and infant deaths; 2) increasing the use of contraceptives and promoting safe and legal abortion; 3) providing HIV prevention education; 4) promoting the importance of prenatal care; 5) disseminating information about family planning; 6) improving health training programs; 7) developing health education campaigns; 8) using appropriate health care technologies; 9) strengthening community-based maternal health and delivery systems; 10) organizing operational research and evaluation procedures; 11) involving nurses and traditional birth attendants in existing health services; and 12) mobilizing and involving the community in all health programs.
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PMID:Safe motherhood: with whom the responsibility rests? 783 76


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