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Query: UMLS:C0019270 (hernia)
 15,856 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine whether surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CHD) results in improvement in respiratory mechanics, we measured respiratory system compliance in nine patients (five survivors and four nonsurvivors) before and after operation. In all nine infants, CHD was diagnosed within 6 hours of life, and surgical repair was through an abdominal approach after a period of stabilization. Measurements were made noninvasively, using the passive expiratory flow-volume technique. In only one of the nine infants did compliance immediately improve after surgical repair, and in another it showed no change. Both of these infants survived, with an uneventful postoperative course. In the remaining seven infants, however, postoperative compliance immediately decreased to 10% to 77% from the preoperative value. The four infants with more than 50% decrease in compliance died with increasing hypoxemia and acidosis. These results suggest that respiratory mechanics in CHD, far from improving, frequently deteriorate as a result of repair of the hernia. The role of urgent surgery in this malformation should be reevaluated.
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PMID:Effect of surgical repair on respiratory mechanics in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. 362 15

Between 1971 and 1985, 97 patients born with posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) were treated in three different centers in Quebec and Montreal (Canada). A retrospective study of these cases shows that with appropriate measures the results can be much less gloomy than they used to be. The series is analysed in order to determine the effect of post-operative thoracic drainage, the effect of the high frequency low volume mechanical ventilation as well as the effect of the serious associated conditions present in a significant number of these patients. Our results indicate that the ipsilateral thoracic drainage has a clear deleterious effect when used systematically++. Out of 52 such patients, 17 survived (32.7%) and 35 died (67.3%); while out of 43 patients who received no thoracic drainage, 25 survived (58.1%) and 18 died (42.8%). This is statistically significant CHI2: (p less than 0.005). If the series is analysed after elimination of the cases with severe associated conditions and taking into account the advent of the high frequency low pressure mechanical ventilation, the figures are even more significant. Fifty-seven patients (57) fall in this category; 28 patients received an ipsilateral thoracic drainage and 29 did not. In the first group 11 survived (39.2%) and 17 died (60.7%) while in the no drainage group 22 survived (75.8%) and 7 died (24.1%). This is statistically significant (p less than 0.005). We believe that with simple measures, it is possible to prevent the return to fetal circulation in a significant number of patients born with CDH and to clearly increase to overall survival rate.
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PMID:[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: have the results truly changed?]. 371 87

Experimental comparison of the lungs of 7 sheep foetuses with surgically induced CDH and 7 controls permitted an assessment to be made of the changes that take place in lung growth, generally described as hypoplasia, through a study of their morphology and histology, and the lung: lamb weight ratio. Changes increased in gravity in function of the duration of hernia. They included: reduced alveolar expansion, fewer generations of bronchi and alveoli, and septal thickening. An increase in the smooth muscle component of 5th-6th generation arteries (i.e. resistance) may offer an explanation of the hypertension characteristic of CDH, and the non-reactivity of these vessels in response to vasodilators. It is also suggested that damage to the mesenchyma can be regarded as the sole cause of the changes in lung growth observed in CDH. Early treatment before these changes become irreversible is thus advisable.
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PMID:[Experimental intrauterine surgery. Morphological study of lung development in the sheep fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia]. 665 19

Up to 50% of the neonates operated during the first hours of life for a congenital diaphragmatic hernia die. The presence of a severe lung hypoplasia, which is at the origin of hypoxia, acidosis, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right to left shunt, explains the poor clinical results, in spite of surgical success and intensive therapy. A modern approach to the problem includes treatment with pulmonary vasodilator drugs, whose effects are still discussed. Perhaps the prenatal recognition of the defect could improve prognosis. Lots of experience are needed to know more on the subject. This could be obtained with an experimental approach on newborn animals with a CDH. The article relates authors experience in the creation of a CDH in a foetus of sheep, by means of a surgical intervention during its intrauterine life.
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PMID:[Experimental intrauterine surgery: the creation of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a sheep fetus]. 708 99

The authors reviewed the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) data base of all neonates placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for whom CDH was diagnosed between January 1989 and December 1991. For 483 neonates, there were complete data concerning timing of the hernia repair in relation to ECMO. The overall incidence of hemorrhage was 43% (57% among nonsurvivors, 32% among survivors; P < .05). The most common bleeding sites were surgical repair site (24%), head (11.5%), cannulation site (7.5%), and gastrointestinal (5%). Fatal hemorrhage occurred in 4.8% (23 of 483). The most common sites of fatal hemorrhage were head (48%), pulmonary (17%), and abdominal (17%). Bleeding complications were significantly greater for patients repaired on ECMO (58%) versus those repaired before (37%) or after (21%) (P < .05). Surgical-site hemorrhage requiring transfusion occurred in 38% of those repaired on ECMO versus 18% and 6% of those repaired before and after, respectively (P < .05). Gastrointestinal and "other" sites of hemorrhage were significantly more common in those repaired on bypass. The number of patients repaired on ECMO increased from 22% to 48% over the 3 years (P < .05). The incidence of hemorrhagic complications did not differ significantly among the 3 years (P > .05). Repair of the hernia defect while on bypass was associated with significantly greater bleeding complications. These data should be useful in the planning of future prospective trials.
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PMID:Hemorrhagic complications and repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias: does timing of the repair make a difference? Data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. 796 95

There have been significant strides made during the last decade in understanding the natural history and pathophysiology of fetal thoracic lesions. Largely as a result of advances in prenatal ultrasound, we are not only able to diagnose these lesions and advise parents about prognosis, but also offer the possibility of fetal intervention for the most severely affected fetuses. However, large gaps remain in the current state of knowledge of fetal thoracic lesions. We are unable to accurately predict pulmonary hypoplasia, the most devastating consequence of fetal thoracic lesions. In lesions, such as CDH, the selection criteria for fetal intervention remain ill defined. Proof of the efficacy and superiority of fetal surgery over conventional postnatal therapies for diaphragmatic hernia await the results of prospective trials. Fetal surgery in lesions such as CCAM and BPS is currently reserved for only those fetuses with hydrops and a uniformly fatal outcome. Whether fetal surgery in these cases would be beneficial in the absence of hydrops is difficult to say especially given the possibility of spontaneous regression. During the next decade we anticipate continued growth in our understanding of these lesions, refinement in selection criteria for intervention, and advances in techniques for salvaging these severely compromised fetuses. The diagnosis and treatment of fetal thoracic lesions remains a formidable challenge, but one which can be met with cautious optimism, due to the availability of fetal interventions not previously available.
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PMID:Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal thoracic lesions. 797 89

To improve the survival of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CHD), preoperative stabilization with conventional ventilatory therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have been used. Measurements that quantify pulmonary function may allow an accurate assessment of lethal pulmonary hypoplasia and predict outcome. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were obtained in 20 infants preoperatively and postoperatively; these included measurements of compliance, dynamic compliance, and tidal volume. Overall survival was 75%. Six surviving infants were initially managed with ventilator therapy alone, followed by repair (group 1). The remaining 14 patients, who were moribund at presentation or whose initial ventilator therapy failed, were placed on ECMO and received repair during bypass; nine survived (group 2), and five died (group 3). Compliance, dynamic compliance, and tidal volume obtained at initial presentation and immediately preoperatively were significantly higher for group 1 as compared with groups 2 and 3. Infants whose initial compliance was greater than 0.25 mL/cm H2O/kg and initial tidal volume was greater than 3.5 mL/kg did not require ECMO. Ultimate improvement in compliance was noted in 5 of 6 patients in group 1, 8 of 8 patients in group 2, and 5 of 5 in group 3. This improvement followed an initial decline in compliance in 9 of 14 survivors, from 15% to 76%. All six patients in group 1 had tidal volumes of more than 4 mL/kg, as did 7 of 9 patients in group 2. Only one patient among the ECMO nonsurvivors (group 3) had a postoperative tidal volume of this magnitude. These data suggest that initial PFTs may predict which infants will require ECMO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Predictive capabilities of preoperative and postoperative pulmonary function tests in delayed repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. 817 3

The medical records of 116 consecutive cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CHD) among 368,772 live births at the three maternity hospitals in Dublin were examined and the incidence of associated malformations and their impact on survival analysed. The patients were divided into two groups: group I included 64 (55%) patients who died during resuscitation and stabilisation before surgery at a mean age of 11.2 hours and group II included 52 (45%) patients who were operated upon. All patients in group I underwent detailed postmortem examination as did the 45% patients who died in group II. The mean (SD) gestational age for group I patients (36.1 (4.5) weeks) was significantly lower than the mean gestational age of group II patients (39.0 (2.4) weeks). Similarly, the mean birth weight of group I patients (2415 (906) g) was significantly lower than that of group II patients (3140 (563) g). Of the newborns who died before surgery, 40 (62.5%) patients had 79 associated malformations. The major associated anomalies were: cardiac (n = 16), neural tube defects (n = 15), skeletal (n = 8), chromosomal (n = 5), urinary tract (n = 6), gastrointestinal (n = 3), omphalocele (n = 4), craniofacial (n = 5), pulmonary (n = 2), and syndromes (n = 2). Sixteen (40%) of these patients were found to have multiple anomalies. Of the 52 patients who were operated upon, only four (7.7%) had associated malformations. Our data shows that associated malformations in neonates with CDH is a major factor influencing outcome in this congenital malformation.
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PMID:Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: influence of associated malformations on survival. 815 14

The incidence of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is decreasing nationally. This decrease is presumed to be a result of the emergence of alternative technologies such as high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), nitric oxide (NO), and surfactant therapy as well as others. The purposes of the present report were to determine just how rapidly the demographics of ECMO are changing and to determine the impact of competing technologies on ECMO use. The authors reviewed their entire ECMO experience of 455 cases (370 neonatal, 38 pediatric, and 47 cardiac). The neonatal cases also were separated into diagnostic groups: MAS (meconium aspiration syndrome), PPHN (persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn), RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), and sepsis. To allow statistical comparison, the patients were divided into four chronological groups, of equal 3-year duration, spanning the 12 years that ECMO has been available. The results of the analysis demonstrated four principle findings. (1) The total number of patients receiving ECMO per year was declining (P = .0001). This decline was attributable to a reduction in the total number of neonatal patients, with the exception of cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. (2) The complexity of each ECMO run was increasing, as evidenced by substantial increases in mean ECMO duration per patient and an increase in the incidence of patient complications on ECMO (P = .0001). (3) There has been a significant decrease in the overall survival rate for patients treated with ECMO (P = .0001). (4) The ECMO population mix has shifted away from straightforward neonatal cases and toward the more complex pediatric and cardiac cases. This demographic shift has occurred as a result of improvements in pre-ECMO management of neonatal patients, and is primarily responsible for the findings noted above. However, there also has been a worsening of condition severity within each diagnostic group, which also is partly responsible for the changes noted. If these trends continue, pediatric, cardiac, and CDH patients will likely account for the majority of ECMO patients. Consequently, existing ECMO centers must be prepared to adapt to the changing demographics by evolving programs that support pediatric, cardiac, and adult patients, in addition to neonates. Furthermore, the complexity associated with transporting these unstable older patients and the likelihood that the number of active ECMO centers will decline may require remaining ECMO centers to develop long-distance ECMO transport capabilities.
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PMID:ECMO in evolution: the impact of changing patient demographics and alternative therapies on ECMO. 886 46

The reported mortality of the newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is high. We retrospectively reviewed 10 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), which were born in the University Maternal Hospital in Sofia for a five year period. Three of the fetuses died before birth, five died in the first 30 minutes after birth and two underwent operation for the correction of the diaphragmatic defect. Pulmonary hypoplasia is without doubt associated with CHD and is responsible for the high mortality. There is no doubt a degree of pulmonary hypoplasia precludes survival, but it is difficult to define this degree.
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PMID:[Fetal diaphragmatic hernia. Its incidence and outcome after a 5-year period]. 896 39


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