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Query: UMLS:C0019270 (hernia)
 15,856 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Urethral stricture in the tropics may be a serious public health problem; the majority of cases are caused by the gonococcus. The pathology is varied, and many advanced cases with complications are seen. Most strictures are seen in the posterior urethra, where fibrosis and narrowing may extend from a short length of under 5 mm to well over 10 cm. A wide variety of complications occurs. Diagnosis is easy when the patient presents in acute retention or with a history of difficult micturition, but more difficult when stricture is the underlying cause of perianal abscess, gangrene of the scrotum caused by extravasation, uremia or hypertension, hernia or rectal prolapse, urinary infection, or elephantiasis of scrotum with multiple fistulae. A careful history is helpful, paricularly if previous gonorrhea is involved. Physical examination varies according to mode of presentation and complications; a rectal examination and neurological examination should be included. Definitive investigation to prove the presence of a stricture includes urethrography and urethroscopy, if facilities are available. Indirect methods of diagnosis include tests for hemoglobin, blood urea, plain X-ray of the whole urinary tract, urinalysis, and others. It is preferable to leave instrumentation until last in diagnostic cases, to avoid infection, but a diagnostic bougie may be passed under strict aseptic conditions prior to treatment. The mainstay of treatment is regular bouginage for life, which is best done in a bougie clinic held at regular intervals. Equipment for bouginage, in order of desirability, includes soft plastic bougies, straight metal bougies, or curved metal bougies in larger sizes, a large stainless steel instrument tray, a basin for sterile water, and lubricant. Care should be taken during bouginage not to pass bougies into acutely inflamed strictures, and not to overstretch the urethra. Plastic bougies are preferable, until a stable situation has been reached. Surgery is indicated for a persistently impassable stricutre, for 1 requiring difficult bouginage at frequent intervals with many failures, for an established false passage, and for complications, especially bladder neck stenosis. Instructions for intravenous pyelograms and for urethrography from below and above, and diagrams of urethrograms indicating various pathological states and a diagnostic schema for urethral stricture are included.
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PMID:Urethral stricture. 469 33

The flowers and leaves buds of Buddleja officinalis MAXIM (Buddlejaceae) are used to treat eye troubles, hernia, gonorrhea and liver troubles in Asia. To elucidate the protective effects of linarin isolated from B. officinalis on the response of osteoblast to oxidative stress, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were pre-incubated with linarin for 1h before treatment with 0.3mM H(2)O(2) for 48h, and markers of osteoblast function and oxidative damage were examined. Linarin significantly (P<0.05) increased cell survival, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, calcium deposition, and osteocalcin secretion and decreased the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), protein carbonyl (PCO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. These results demonstrate that linarin can protect osteoblasts against hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblastic dysfunction and may exert anti-resorptive actions, at least in part, via the reduction of RANKL and oxidative damage.
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PMID:Linarin isolated from Buddleja officinalis prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced dysfunction in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. 2142 72