Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019209 (hepatomegaly)
 5,798 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An early manifestation of alcoholic liver injury is the accumulation of protein, as well as fat, in the liver. The increase in soluble proteins is associated with retention of water and swelling of the hepatocyte, resulting in hepatomegaly. Though "in vitro" ethanol inhibits hepatic protein synthesis, no consistent effects have been found after acute alcohol administration "in vivo". Moreover, after chronic alcohol consumption, the synthesis of liver protein is increased rather than decreased. Alcohol consumption, however, delays the secretion of proteins from the liver into the plasma, promoting accumulation in the liver of proteins which are primarily destined for export. The altered secretion is associated with decreased hepatic content of polymerized tubulin and visible disruption of microtubules, an organelle which may maintain the architectural organization required for transport of macromolecules. The alteration of microtubules has been linked to consequences of ethanol oxidation in the liver.
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PMID:[Alcohol induced changes of protein metabolism (author's transl]. 35 64

Hepatic fatty infiltration complicating jejunoileal bypass can be massive and may require restoration of gastrointestinal continuity. This fatty infiltration appears to be caused by protein depletion associated with adequate or high carbohydrate intake. The present study has shown that calorie-free amino acid alimentation can reverse these changes. In three of thirteen patients who underwent 12 inch to 6 inch jejunoileal bypass procedures, symptomatic hepatomegaly developed with near total replacement of hepatocytes by massive fatty infiltration. After undergoing liver scan, liver biopsy, and liver function tests, the patients were started on a peripheral infusion of 2L per day of a 4.25 per cent crystalline amino acid solution, allowing for fat mobilization while preserving body protein stores. All oral intake was withheld except for water. At the end of a fourteen to twenty-one day infusion period, serum albumin levels increased by 1 gm in all patients. Decreases in liver volume of 83, 45, and 40 per cent occurred. During the infusion period ketonuria was 4 plus in all patients indicating active lipolysis. Weight loss was impressive (17, 19, and 40 pounds). All patients showed marked symptomatic improvement, and postinfusion liver biopsy specimens showed a return to near normal architecture. Maintenance of normal liver size by a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet was observed in a five to seven month follow-up period. In contrast to previous studies using standard hyperalimentation solutions, the use of calorie-free amino acid solutions reverses the hepatic fatty infiltration seen after intestinal bypass by mobilization of fat. This fat mobilization does not occur as readily in the presence of large amounts of glucose.
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PMID:Reversal of severe fatty hepatic infiltration after intestinal bypass for morbid obesity by calorie-free amino acid infusion. 80 74

The relationship between liver enlargement and drug metabolism was investigated in female rats. Hepatomegaly (e.g., 31% increase in liver weight in a 17-day experiment) was induced by injection of lyophylized anterior pituitary (LAP) extract. The liver enlargement seemed to be due to an increase in the number and the size (enhanced water content and PAS-positive material) of hepatocytes. Electron microscopic examination of the liver revealed slight proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and pronounced fragmentation and dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Zoxazolamine paralysis time was significantly prolonged (+55% and +102%) after 4 and 17 days, respectively, of treatment with LAP. Metabolism of zoxazolamine by the 9000 g supernatant fraction of the liver of rats given LAP for 17 days was reduced by 73%. Thus, the marked hepatomegaly induced by LAP was associated with a prolonged action of the drug which may result from a decrease in hepatic drug metabolism.
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PMID:Massive liver enlargement accompanied by decreased drug metabolism. Effect of anterior pituitary extract on hepatic ultrastructure, zoxazolamine paralysis, and metabolism in the rat. 92 87

Studies were carried out from June 1974 to May 1975 on the socio-economic status, health and nutritional status of the people in 4 villages, in the irrigation area of the Nong Wai Pioneer Agricultural Project of Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand. The result obtained were compared with those in 2 non-irrigated villages in the same province, in order to identify the health and nutritional problems which might arise during the water resource development in the irrigation area. It was found that in the irrigated villages 90% of the peoples were farmers, while in the non-irrigated villages all were farmers. The socio-economic status of the people in the irrigated villages was much better than those in the non-irrigated ones. The income per family in the former was about three times greater than that in the latter. In the study of the health conditions of the villagers, the vulnerable age group including pre-school children under 7 years of age and school children in the elementary school class 1 and class 2, aged 7-9 years old, served as subjects for investigation. Haematological and physical examinations revealed many children with mild to moderate anaemia, vitamin B2 deficiency and a few cases of hepatomegaly. Anaemic children were found to be more prevalent in the non-irrigated villages than in the irrigated area. The overall parasitic infection rates in children in the irrigated and non-irrigated villages were similar with respect to severity of the infection. Hookworm infection, opisthorchiasis, strongyloidiasis and giardiasis were the leading parasitic infections, while amoebiasis was rare. Ascariasis and trichuriasis were not found. However, the first two helminthic infections had a low grade of intensity. The nutritional status of pre-school children, showed that there were more children with good growth in the irrigated villages than in the non-irrigated one. Serum proteins, albumin and globulin, and urinary urea nitrogen-creatinine ratio revealed normal findings indicating that the children had sufficient protein intake. The results of the urinary hydroxyproline-creatinine index suggested that many of the children in both groups of the villages were at marginal malnutrition status. Surveys on domestic animals including cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and field rats revealed no important zoonotic diseases except leptospirosis in a few rats. Some fish were found to harbour metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini, while some snails were positive for cercariae of O. viverrini, Schistosoma spindale, and Echinostoma malayanum. The overall findings indicated that the water resource development by establishing better irrigation, resulted in an improved socio-economic and nutritional status among the villagers, but health conditions and associated parasitic diseases and some nutritional deficiency still existed in the children. However, the findings from this study provide only preliminary data concerning the socio-economic status, health, and nutritional status of the villagers in the irrigation area...
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PMID:Socio-economic, health and nutritional status of the villagers in the Nong Wai irrigation area, Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. 103 Aug 56

The present study determined the composition and nucleic-acid content of livers obtained from 11-wk-old, broiler-strain pullets infused with pituitary-derived chicken growth hormone (p-cGH) in either a pulsatile (Study 1) or continuous (Study 2) manner for 21 days. Pulsatile p-cGH administration resulted in a decrease in ratios for liver DNA to wet weight (P less than .01), DNA to protein (P less than .03), and DNA to RNA (P less than .002), compared with controls. Total RNA-to-liver ratio (P less than .003) and liver weight (P less than .007) were significantly elevated, compared with controls. Total grams of protein (P less than .0007), water (P less than .004), and ash (P less than .01) were also elevated, with no significant differences in the percentage of composition. Continuous growth-hormone (GH) administration resulted in a decrease in the DNA-to-protein ratio (P less than .04) and a modest increase in the mass of liver protein (P less than .11) in comparison with controls, suggestive of cell hypertrophy. On a mass and percentage basis, liver composition was otherwise unaffected by the continuous administration of GH. In summary, pulsatile administration of GH induced hepatomegaly, largely due to cell hypertrophy, with no change in relative tissue composition. The continuous administration of GH had no effect on liver size, tissue composition, or most nucleic-acid-based indicators of cell hypertrophy or hyperplasia. Thus, previously observed differences in overall growth performance due to pattern of GH administration were also reflected in selected target-tissue response.
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PMID:Hepatomegaly induced by the pulsatile, but not continuous, intravenous administration of purified chicken growth hormone in broiler pullets: liver composition and nucleic-acid content. 169 89

Herein we describe the isolation, physicochemical characterization and preclinical evaluation of a water-soluble biologic response modifier extracted from Sclerotium glucanicum. Alkaline extraction of insoluble S. glucanicum exopolymers produced a soluble scleroglucan composed of a triple-helical beta-1,3-linked glucopyranose backbone with single beta-1,6-linked glucopyranosyl branches every third subunit. Scleroglucan has a weight average molecular mass of 1.56 x 10(6) Da, a weight average root mean square distance from the center of gravity of the molecule to its farthest elements of 51.8 nm, a polydispersity (weight-average molecular mass/number average molecular mass) of 1.83 and intrinsic viscosity of 3.081 dl/g. Scleroglucan (250 mg/kg, intravenously) stimulated in vivo murine macrophage phagocytic activity (66%, P less than .001) and increased in vitro macrophage tumor cytotoxicity against syngeneic tumor targets by 124% (P less than .05). Scleroglucan enhanced (P less than .001) murine bone marrow proliferation in a biphasic manner by up to 328%. Scleroglucan therapy increased survival of mice challenged with syngeneic lymphoma, melanoma or adenocarcinoma. AKR/J mice bearing syngeneic lymphoma (1 x 10(3) cells, intraperitoneally) demonstrated increased (P less than .001) long-term survival (100% vs. 0%, greater than 64 days). C57Bl/6J mice bearing syngeneic melanoma B16 (5 x 10(5) cells, subcutaneously) demonstrated increased long-term survival (64% vs. 0%, P less than .05). C57Bl/6J mice bearing syngeneic adenocarcinoma BW10232 (1 x 10(5) cells, subcutaneously) demonstrated increased (P less than .05) median survival time. In addition, scleroglucan prophylaxis increased resistance of mice to challenge with Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and mouse hepatitis virus A-59. Scleroglucan did not induce toxicity or hepatomegaly. We conclude that: 1) a branched, water-soluble beta-1,3-linked scleroglucan biologic response modifier can be extracted from S. glucanicum; 2) scleroglucan will stimulate immunity, modify experimental neoplastic disease and increase resistance to microbial challenge; and 3) scleroglucan shows promise as an immunopotentiating drug.
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PMID:Isolation, physicochemical characterization and preclinical efficacy evaluation of soluble scleroglucan. 190 59

A 26-year-old woman sought medical care in April 1983 because she had been experiencing pain in the right upper quadrant for 2 months, as well as an enlarged abdomen and postprandial fullness accompanied by nausea and vomiting. She had used oral contraceptives (OCs) for a period of 11 months up to 4 months before the inception of the symptoms. Examination showed normal vital functions but painful hepatomegaly. Hepatic biopsy showed dilatation of the central vein of the lobe; ultrasound of the liver showed hepatomegaly, the dilatation of hepatic veins, and suprahepatic veins; and echos of the inside were suggestive of thrombosis. The Doppler instrument revealed inversion of the hepatic flow towards the spleen and the presence of multiple collateral veins. Venocavography confirmed almost total obstruction of the inferior vena cava in its retrohepatic trajectory. Percutaneous transhepatic splenoportography demonstrated evidence of slow suprahepatic drainage with obstruction of the contrast medium in the area of the cava. The pressure in the suprahepatic vein was 43 cm of H2O. As the illness progressed, profound venous thrombosis of the left lower extremity developed, which was treated with heparin and managed with fenindione for 4 years. 5 years later, multiple pulmonary thromboembolism was confirmed by pulmonary gammagram of perfusion and digital arteriography. She received medical treatment based on low sodium and diuretic diet. Her hepatic function progressively deteriorated with increased ascites and collateral venous network. She died in December 1988.
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PMID:[Budd-Chiari syndrome, pulmonary thromboembolism, and deep venous thrombosis associated with "lupus anticoagulant" and recent use of oral contraceptives]. 215 14

The effects of various compounds known to be hepatic tumor promoters and toxins in the male B6C3F1 mouse liver, including di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), acetaminophen (ACT), barbital (BB), and phenobarbital (PB) on hepatic metallothionein (MT) concentrations were assessed after chronic exposure. From 6 weeks of age, male mice were maintained on diets containing DEHP at 12,000 or 6000 ppm, ACT at 10,000 or 5000 ppm, BB at 1,000 ppm, or drinking water with PB at 500 ppm for up to 24 weeks. MT was measured in hepatic cytosol at 0, 2, 8, and 24 weeks of exposure. DEHP proved a very effective inducer, producing elevations of MT as high as 11-fold. The increases in hepatic MT with DEHP were both dose- and time-related. ACT was likewise effective in producing hepatic MT elevations (maximum 6.7-fold) in a dose- and time-related fashion. BB and PB, however, had no effect on hepatic MT levels at any time point. While DEHP, BB, and PB treatments produced hepatomegaly, histopathological analysis at 24 weeks revealed that in both DEHP- and ACT-treated livers hepatocellular proliferation was prominent while livers exposed to BB or PB showed predominantly hepatocellular hypertrophy. Gel-filtration of DEHP-treated liver cytosol revealed that zinc was associated with the MT peak. This peak also bound cadmium in vitro and could be extracted by heat treatment and selective acetone precipitation, both typical characteristics of MT. Further confirmation of the presence of MT after DEHP treatment was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (10 to 20% acrylamide). Results indicate that some, but not all, tumor promoters can induce target organ MT and that such an induction appears associated with those promoters inducing persistent cellular hyperplasia but not those inducing cellular hypertrophy.
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PMID:Induction of hepatic metallothionein in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to hepatic tumor promoters: effects of phenobarbital, acetaminophen, sodium barbital, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. 278 55

Twenty cows from a dairy herd consisting of 60 healthy, lactating Holsteins developed clinical signs of anorexia, mental derangement, dehydration, recumbency, and ruminal atony after ingesting water containing blue-green algae. Of the 20 cows, 9 died. The algal bloom, which developed in a stagnant pond during hot, dry weather, was identified as the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, a potentially hepatotoxic algae. One week after the onset of toxicosis, affected cows seemed healthy, although liver-associated enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase) were increased. Intraruminal administration of the intact wet bloom to a healthy 125-kg Angus heifer was followed by hepatic necrosis and death. The liver was large, friable, and gun-metal blue, with microscopically evident hepatocyte dissociation, degeneration, and necrosis. The ingesta of the heifer contained typical clumps of cells that were identified as M aeruginosa. The intraperitoneal administration of lyophilized cell material from that bloom to 18 mice caused marked hepatic enlargement. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose of the dried bloom was estimated to be 10 mg/kg of body weight. A cyclic peptide toxin purified from the algae seems to be similar structurally to toxins from other characterized hepatotoxic blooms of M aeruginosa.
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PMID:Blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) hepatotoxicosis in dairy cows. 311 92

Hepatic damage caused by chronic exposure to arsenic has been frequently described. Here we report on 13 patients from West Bengal, India, who consumed large amounts of arsenic in drinking water. An epidemiological investigation of the study area showed evidence of chronic arsenical dermatosis and hepatomegaly in 62 (92.5%) of 67 members of families who drank contaminated water (arsenic level, 0.2-2 mg/l). In contrast, only six (6.25%) of 96 persons from the same area who drank safe water (arsenic level, <0.05 mg/l) had non-specific hepatomegaly, while none had skin lesions. Hepatomegaly occurred in all the 13 patients who were studied in detail, although five had splenomegaly. Biopsy of samples of liver from these patients revealed various degrees of fibrosis and expansion of the portal zone that resembled non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF).
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PMID:Chronic arsenic toxicity from drinking tubewell water in rural West Bengal. 326 50


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