Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a method for measuring alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in eluates of dried-blood samples on filter paper by use of a simple, sensitive two-site enzyme immunoassay. The spot, 6 mm in diameter (equivalent to about 12 microL of whole blood), is incubated overnight with alkaline phosphatase conjugated to rabbit anti-AFP antibody in a tube containing a polystyrene bead coated with mouse monoclonal antibody to AFP. After the beads are washed the enzyme activities associated with them are determined colorimetrically, with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. The measurable range of AFP is from 9 to 900 micrograms per liter of plasma. AFP in the dried-blood spot as determined by this method correlated well with the AFP value for serum from the same blood sample as determined by radioimmunoassay (r = 0.957, p less than 0.001). Preliminary studies in which we used this method with 242 healthy blood donors and 60 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma indicate that it may be suitable for use in mass screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk populations.
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PMID:Two-site enzyme immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein in dried-blood samples collected on filter paper. 243 Jul 35

A radioimmunoassay for transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) using synthetic rat sarcoma transforming growth factor and its rabbit polyclonal antibody has been developed. Using radioimmunoassays, the urinary TGF-alpha and epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentrations in 31 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 15 probable HCC, four metastatic liver cancer, and 33 age, sex-matched healthy controls were determined. For the first time, we have shown that the average TGF-alpha concentration for HCC patients was 21.5 +/- 20.3 micrograms per g creatinine, significantly higher than that of healthy subjects, 4.9 +/- 2.8 micrograms per g creatinine (P less than 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the level of EGF between HCC patients and controls (40.9 +/- 29.3 versus 46.2 +/- 16.6 micrograms per g creatinine; P greater than 0.05). The ratio of EGF/TGF-alpha between HCC patients (3.37 +/- 4.42) and controls (15.5 +/- 13.0) was significantly different (P less than 0.001). Among patients, 65% (20 of 31) of HCC cases and 87% (13 of 15) of probable HCC cases showed a marked elevation of TGF-alpha levels. We found only 16% (five of 31) of HCC cases with increased EGF level. EGF excretion was inversely age related. Serum total protein concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were positively correlated to EGF concentration (r = 0.522, P less than 0.01 and rt = 0.393, P less than 0.05, respectively). There was no correlation between biochemical functions of liver and TGF-alpha concentration in HCC patients. Our results also suggested that TGF-alpha may be a useful complementary tumor marker for management of patients with clinical manifestation of HCC who have low alpha-fetoprotein levels.
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PMID:Elevation of transforming growth factor alpha and its relationship to the epidermal growth factor and alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 243 30

Reported here is a 38-year-old woman who had a gastric cancer accompanied with liver metastasis. Abnormal serum levels of a carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, and an alkaline phosphatase isozyme were observed persistently after a gastrectomy. The properties of this alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme were identical to a hepatoma alkaline phosphatase type. Histologic findings of the stomach revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient died on the 180th postoperative day.
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PMID:[Carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein and hepatoma alkaline phosphatase in gastric carcinoma]. 245 Feb 13

Over the period of the past 9 years (1980-1988), 320 patients (mean age 60.9 +/- 13.2 years) suffering from various liver diseases have been examined. There were three main groups of patients: (1)--24 patients with primary liver cancer (PLC), 19 of them with hepato- and 5 with cholangiocellular carcinoma, (2)--153 patients with metastatic liver tumors (MLT), and (3)--143 patients with inflammatory liver diseases (ILD). The results of examination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GMT) in these patients have been analyzed with the aim to evaluate their contribution to the differential diagnostics of tumorous and inflammatory liver processes. For the diagnostics of malignant hepatoma AFP appeared to the most specific test. The significance of other tests for diagnostics of malignant hepatic diseases is obviously limited. These tests are recommended to be considered (in the case of their increase) in close connection with the clinical image and additional examinations. The importance of correlation between cirrhosis and malignant hepatoma is also to be noticed. In spite of all this, we believe that in the case of positivity of the above tests the patients have to be carefully examined and followed up, and that the clinical course and the dynamic of the mentioned tests has to be thoroughly observed. Because of the specificity of values of the AFP-test with malignant hepatoma, we find it useful to perform this test in all patients with chronic liver diseases.
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PMID:Alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen and various biochemical tests in patients with tumorous and inflammatory liver diseases. 246 43

Immunocytochemical studies were performed on fine needle aspirates of the liver in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. A panel of commercially available antibodies was used to study the aspirated cells by immunoalkaline phosphatase and immunoperoxidase methods. The malignant cells in the aspirates, which were positively stained by the immunoperoxidase method for alphafetoprotein and by both methods for epithelial membrane antigen, were most probably hepatocellular in origin. Some cells were shown by the immunoalkaline phosphatase method to possess leukocyte-common antigen (LCA) and antigens of colonic and ovarian tissues. These findings were further investigated, and it was found that the tumor cells indeed had LCA as well as levamisole-resistant alkaline phosphatase activity. Although the immunoalkaline phosphatase methods are useful immunodiagnostic techniques applicable to fine needle aspirates, the endogenous enzyme activity present in some nonhematopoietic tumor cells is a cause for caution in the use of these methods in aspirates from nonhematopoietic tumor tissues.
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PMID:Endogenous phosphatase activity in tumor cells in a liver aspirate. A potential problem for immunocytodiagnosis using immunoalkaline phosphatase methods. 247 87

Using chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose, we measured biliary alkaline phosphatase (BALP; EC 3.1.3.1) activities in sera from 182 patients, most with hepatobiliary disorders but some with non-hepatobiliary diseases. Relative BALP activities were extremely low in otherwise healthy carriers of hepatitis B virus (mean: 5.4 U/L) and in patients with non-hepatobiliary diseases (mean: 5.3 U/L). Although BALP activities were detectable in some cases of liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, these values were generally low (respective means: 12.6 and 12.0 U/L). High BALP activities were detected in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, secondary metastatic liver tumors, and obstructive jaundice: mean values were 27.2, 37.2, and 73.6 U/L, respectively. There was no correlation between BALP activity and bilirubin concentration in patients with obstructive jaundice, nor between BALP activities in obstructive jaundice caused by stones and in those caused by extrahepatic tumor. Some patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma had high BALP but low alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) values, some others the reverse. Based on AFP alone, the sensitivity for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma was 79%; adding BALP in parallel improved the sensitivity to 97%. We found minicolumn chromatography on DEAE-cellulose useful for determining BALP activity in hepatobiliary diseases.
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PMID:Biliary alkaline phosphatase measured by mini-column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose: application to detection of hepatobiliary diseases. 247 88

The utility of the markers CEA, beta-HCG, CA-50, alpha-fetoprotein (APF), ferritin, alkaline phosphatase (AP), its isoenzyme liver-1 (APL1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gGT), its fast migrating isoenzyme (gGT1) and 5'nucleotidase (5'N) in differentiating liver malignancies and benign involvement was evaluated in the sera of 85 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 157 with chronic liver disease (CLD) and 91 with liver metastases (LM) derived from different tumors. The mean concentrations of all the parameters except CEA and GGT1 were significantly different in HCC and CLD, but a broad overlap existed in the two groups, so different cut-offs were considered to assess the positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency (Eff). The best results were observed considering AFP greater than 100 IU/m (Eff0.86), ferritin greater than 800 ng/ml (Eff0.69), CA-50 greater than 100 U/ml (Eff 0.63), beta-HCG greater than 10 mU/ml (Eff 0.61), AP greater than 300 IU/ml (Eff 0.66), the presence of APL1 (Eff 0.78), 5'N greater than 25 mU/ml (Eff 0.70), gGT greater than 100 mIU/ml (Eff 0.63). Among HCC patients 17% did not secrete AFP; in 26% the protein was less than 100 IU/ml and in 36% less than 400 IU/ml. Apart from AFP the most effective marker was APL1. At the above cut-offs more than three parameters were simultaneously positive in 71% of HCC and 9.9% of CLD. CEA, CA50, AFP were the only parameters that distinguished the HCC from the LM group; in the latter, APL1 was also a very sensitive marker (87%) for neoplastic involvement of the liver.
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PMID:Efficiency of composite laboratory tests in the diagnosis of liver malignancies. 248 15

The authors measured alkaline phosphatase isozyme I (ALP-I) in sera of 24 brain-damaged patients and four with disorders other than brain damage. The study population comprised three patients with postresuscitation encephalopathy, four with ruptured cerebral aneurysms, 14 with acute subdural hematoma and cerebral contusion, and three with nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. ALP-I detected in brain damage is physicochemically different from the other known ALP-Is that appear in patients with obstructive jaundice or hepatoma. In the brain-damaged patients, ALP-I became elevated about 7 days after admission and markedly increased as secondary brain damage developed. Excluding patients who died within 9 days of admission, the maximum serum ALP-I concentration was well correlated with the functional outcome. In cases in which barbiturate therapy was effective, the appearance of ALP-I was delayed and its elevation was suppressed. The results of this study suggest that measurement of serum ALP-I is useful not only in the management but also in predicting the prognosis of brain damage.
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PMID:Measurement of serum alkaline phosphatase isozyme I in brain-damaged patients. 248 67

Primary liver tumour, i.e. hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the world's most common malignancies. The age-standardized incidence rate varies widely from 6/100,000 (Austria) to 100 and more per 100,000 in Mozambique and Taiwan. In these high-risk areas, infection with hepatitis B virus is considered the main risk factor. In low-incidence areas as in Western Europe, main risk factors are older age, male sex and liver cirrhosis. The prognosis depends mainly on the size of the tumour. Alpha-fetoprotein is an ideal tumour marker for prospective screening in high-incidence areas. There is not much information, however, on the value of this marker for screening in low-incidence areas. There is some information that HCC-associated alkaline phosphatase could be a good tumour marker in non-viral liver tumours. Furthermore, des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin and vitamin B 12-binding protein could be specific markers for tumours in non-cirrhotic livers. But large clinical studies have not yet confirmed the value of these markers. Hormonal and haematological markers and some isoenzymes are tumour markers characterized by high sensitivity but low specificity. There are no specific tumour markers for metastatic liver disease.
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PMID:[Tumor markers in internal medicine hepatology]. 254 32

We carried out a study of the clinical courses of 70 untreated patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in order to evaluate their survival period and the prognostic factors. The median survival was two months. We evaluated ten variables of biochemical parameters and findings of hepatic scintigraphy. Among them, six variables were chosen by univariate analysis. They were serum bilirubin (cut-off value 3.0 mg/dl), alkaline phosphatase (150 IU/ml), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (200 IU/ml), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (50 IU/ml), reticuloendothelial (RES) dysfunction (grade 1) and multiplicity of space occupying lesions (SOL). Multivariate analysis identified three variables. The RES dysfunction and multiplicity of SOL by hepatic scintigraphy and bilirubin were considered as important prognostic factors. We found that the functional reservoir of the underlying liver and multiplicity of the origin of the tumor were the most important prognostic factors.
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PMID:Natural history and prognostic factors of primary hepatocellular carcinoma: study of 70 untreated patients. 256 1


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