Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD) were determined in liver biopsy specimens and sera of patients with various liver diseases. Mitochondrial and cytosol isozymes of GOT were also separated for their assay. The activity ratio of GOT/GPT in serum was found to reflect the ratio in liver cytosol. The increased ratio in advanced or severe liver diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, was due to the greater decrease in liver cytosol GPT activity, this being pronounced in primary hepatoma. The activity of GLD decreased similarly but less markedly. The relatively greater decrease in GPT compared with GOT in advanced liver diseases was not mainly due to leakage of the enzyme from the liver, but to a specific mechanism associated with hepatic injury or its progression. Other pathological conditions of the liver such as those in obstructive jaundice and alcoholic liver injury also appeared to result in reduced liver GPT activity, which was reflected in the serum as an increased GOT/GPT ratio.
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PMID:The mechanism of release of hepatic enzymes in various liver diseases. II. Altered activity ratios of GOT to GPT in serum and liver of patients with liver diseases. 16 Jan 82

Aspartate aminotransferase in the sera of normal subjects and of patients with hepatic diseases has been immunologically separated into two isoenzymes, cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. The activity of the isoenzymes was measured in three different buffer solutions with or without pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. To attain maximal activation, the apoenzyme of mitochondrial fraction must be preincubated with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate longer than that of the cytosolic fraction in either of the three reaction mixtures. In most sera the activity of both isoenzymes increased substantially in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate regardless of the type of buffer solutions. Both the apoenzymatic activity and the ratio of apo- to holo-enzymatic activity of each of the isoenzymes varied among samples from the patients with hepatic diseases. However, significantly high ratios of apo- to holo-enzymatic activity of both isoenzymes were observed in the patients with hepatoma in contrast with those with other hepatic diseases. These findings suggest that the simultaneous measurement of both apo- and holo-enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes may be useful in the clinical assessment of hepatic diseases.
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PMID:Apoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase isozymes in serum and its diagnostic usefullness for hepatic diseases. 22 64

Response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection [HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs)], serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, hematological status (erythrocytes, Hb, and hematocrit), and evidence of liver damage (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; aspartate aminotransferase, L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) were determined for 201 patients on chronic renal dialysis. Four factors-serum iron level, transminase level, sex, and HBV response [i.e., infected-HBsAg(+) (HBsAg positive), anti-HBs(+) (anti-HBs positive), or no response]-were analyzed simultaneously to test the hypothesis that serum iron is higher in those with HBsAg in their serum than in those without HBsAg, independent of the transaminase level. Four independent, statistically significant two-factor interactions were identified. (i) Serum iron is higher in those HBsAg(+). (ii) Serum iron is higher in those with increased transaminase. (iii) Transaminase is higher in those HBsAg(+). (iv) Males are more likely to be HbsAg(+) and females are more likely to be anti-HBs(+). Also, those who are HBsAg(+) have significantly higher percent iron saturation (serum iron/total iron-binding capacity). That is, the hypothesis was supported by the findings. Several additional biological hypotheses are suggested, including a possible role of increased iron levels in susceptibility and response to HBV infection and the possible relationship between higher iron levels and the likelihood of HBV infection progressing to primary hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, further tests of the initial hypothesis in nonhospitalized populations with endemic HBV infection are proposed.
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PMID:Serum iron levels and response to hepatitis B virus. 28 82

Six patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive (HBsAg-pos) chronic liver disease have been treated with transfer factor (TF) prepared from leucocytes of normal blood donors with no history of hepatitis, and with TF from subjects recently recovered from type B hepatitis. In three patients there were transient elevations of aspartate transaminase (AsT) after 'specific' TF, representing damage or destruction of hepatocytes, and in two of these patients there was coincidental complement consumption, suggesting that TF had stimulated production of antibody. In one other patient there was an increase in E-rosetting lymphocyte (ERL) concentration representing a change in T-lymphocyte reactivity. One of the two patients who had no measured response to TF had a primary liver cell carcinoma and was receiving prednisolone therapy. TF prepared from subjects who have recently recovered from type B hepatitis may have temporarily altered the immunological status of patients with HBsAg-pos chronic liver disease, but it did not have a beneficial therapeutic effect.
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PMID:Transfer factor in the attempted treatment of patients with HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease. 60 32

Increased concentrations of neopterin have been found in conditions causing a stimulation of cellular immunity, including various malignancies. In liver diseases, serum or urinary neopterin levels have been studied in acute viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, fatty liver and liver cirrhosis. In the present study neopterin serum levels have been measured in 16 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in 32 patients with liver cirrhosis, and in 28 healthy subjects as controls. Mean values of serum neopterin were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in patients with HCC (15.89 +/- 6.34 nmol/l) when compared with those of normal subjects (4.74 +/- 2.13 nmol/l), but no difference was observed between patients with HCC (associated or not with liver cirrhosis) and patients with liver cirrhosis. Neopterin concentrations are not affected by liver cirrhosis aetiology, nor by its clinical severity, and are not correlated to the values of serum alpha-fetoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, and gamma-globulin. The results show that there is a consistent overlap of values in patients with HCC and liver cirrhosis; macrophage activation seems to be a feature of chronic liver diseases, irrespective of HCC development.
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PMID:Serum neopterin levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 128 21

The presence of antibody to the hepatitis C virus was determined in 254 alcoholic patients with non-B chronic hepatitis and a titre of antinuclear antibodies of 1/40 or lower. Alcoholic hepatitis was present in 12 patients, steatohepatitis in 20, active chronic hepatitis in 22, cirrhosis in 181, and hepatocarcinoma in 19. Twenty patients had previously received blood transfusion alone or during surgery, 49 had undergone previous surgery without transfusion, a clinical episode of hepatitis could be traced in 14, 4 patients were drug addicts, 41 had received blood transfusion after the diagnosis was made, and 128 presented with alcoholism alone. Anti-hepatitis C antibody was found in 20 out of 2,000 blood donors (1%) in our hospital. Anti-hepatitis C antibody was found in 87 patients (34.2%) in our series, a figure unaltered by past medical history. Patients with anti-HC antibody had higher levels of AST, ALT, total proteins, gamma-globulin, and IgG. The incidence of active chronic hepatitis was higher among patients with anti-HC antibody, whereas the incidence of steatohepatitis was higher among patients without anti-HC. Regarding findings on liver biopsy, the incidence of anti-HC was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) among patients with active chronic hepatitis (72.7%) than in any other group; no significant differences were found between patients with cirrhosis (33.3%), hepatocarcinoma (31.5%), steatohepatitis (15%), or alcoholic hepatitis (16.7%). Among HBsAg-negative patients, the incidence of anti-HC was similar between those with (39.7%) and without other serum markers of HB (32.9%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Prevalence and significance of the C virus antibody in chronic hepatopathy not related to B virus in alcoholics]. 131 33

The development of a serologic assay to detect antibodies directed at an antigen (C-100-3) of the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) has been a major breakthrough in the long search for causative agents of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis. The frequency of HCV in those who have end-stage liver disease is not known. Moreover, the rate of recurrence after liver transplantation (OLTx) and the rate of acquisition of new HCV infection as a result of the OLTx experience is as yet unknown. This study was performed in an attempt to answer these questions. The prevalence of HCV in 372 patients undergoing OLTx at the University of Pittsburgh was determined. Those transplanted for HBV-related liver disease with hepatoma had the highest rate of HCV antibody positivity (45.4%) followed by those with metabolic liver disease (42.5%), putative NANB liver disease (41.4%), and cryptogenic cirrhosis (20.9%); those with cholestatic liver disease exhibited the lowest rate (16.2%). HCV antibody was positive in only 26.3% of patients with hepatoma. Of those patients who were negative prior to transplantation, 12.2% acquired HCV antibody post-OLTx. In the putative NANB group, no difference was detected in the AST and ALT prior to transplantation in either the HCV antibody-positive or -negative patients. In patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, those who were positive for HCV antibody had higher transaminase levels prior to transplantation than did those patients who were HCV antibody negative.
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PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in a liver transplantation population. 131 88

The popular seafood squid contains high levels of naturally occurring amines such as dimethylamine (DMA) trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). The hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity of squid with or without exogenous nitrite were investigated in rats. Acute necrosis including polymorphogenic neutrophil infiltration, haemorrhage and cholangiofibrosis were observed in the livers of most rats fed squid. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was induced in two out of 12 rats (16%) by feeding 10% squid in Purina rat chow for 10 months. The incidence of HCC was increased to four out of 10 rats (33%) when 0.3% NaNO2 was added to the above diet. At the end of the experiment a marked elevation of serum gamma-glutamate transferase was observed in treated groups, but no significant changes in the activities of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase were detected. Vitamin C (0.3%) gave partial protection against hepatic damage. The concentration of DMA in squid is estimated to be 0.19%; this concentration did not induce HCC under the experimental conditions used. Therefore it is suggested that another major naturally occurring amine in squid, TMAO, could be one of the important factors involved in the induction of hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity in rats.
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PMID:Hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity in rats fed squid with or without exogenous nitrite. 132 3

A novel, simple, clinically useful quantitative liver function test, called the galactose single point (GSP) method, was developed by measurement of galactose blood concentration 1 h after galactose was administered (0.5 g/kg). It was quickly infused intravenously in 55 normal healthy volunteers, 73 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), 36 with cirrhosis and 41 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with CH diagnosis were assessed by liver biopsy. Cirrhosis was diagnosed by histological examination or a chronic hepatitis history with esophageal varices or ascites, whereas HCC was diagnosed either histologically, or cytologically proved, or as implied in the 'one imagine study' being positive with AFP > 300 ng/dl. Highly significant galactose blood levels were observed between normal healthy volunteers and patients 50, 60 and 70 min after galactose was administered. Galactose elimination capacity (GEC), modified GEC (MGEC) and consecutive GSP tests were performed in 6 healthy volunteers for 2 days. 0.64-16.87% variation was observed for each subject. The significant differences (p < 0.001) in average GSP values were 247 +/- 18.1, 422 +/- 27.3, 629 +/- 42.8 and 579 +/- 43.6 micrograms/ml for normal healthy volunteers, CH, cirrhosis and HCC patients, respectively. Highly significant correlations (p < 0.001) were obtained among GSP, GEC and MGEC for all patients. Positive correlations were observed between GSP, GEC, MGEC and AST (serum aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (serum alanine aminotransferase), serum bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time and r-globulin. According to results obtained from 202 normal healthy volunteers and patients, the GSP method may be a simple, clinically useful quantitative measurement of liver function for the determination of a patient's residual liver function, the prognosis of liver function for patients with cirrhosis, postoperational follow-up and, finally, the timing of a liver transplant.
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PMID:Assessment of liver function using a novel galactose single point method. 133 11

The Cu concentration was about 40 and 60 times higher in the liver in Long-Evans with a cinnamon-like coat color (LEC) rats aged 80 days (without hepatitis) and 130 days (with hepatitis), respectively than in the liver in Fischer rats. Most hepatic Cu was recovered in the cytosol fraction. Furthermore, about 96% and 84% of the cytosolic Cu was found in the metallothionein region on a Sephadex G-75 column in LEC rats aged 80 and 130 days, respectively. The hepatic metallothionein concentration was about 130 to 140 times higher in LEC rats than in Fischer rats when the concentration was expressed as metallothionein-bound Cu. Three forms of Cu-metallothionein were isolated by DEAE-cartridge. Although the concentration of hepatic Cu-metallothionein and its composition of polymorphic form were not changed greatly in hepatitis phase (in the 130-day-old LEC rats), activities of serum enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) were increased significantly. The LEC rat showed a significantly low concentration of biliary Cu and markedly low activity of ceruloplasmin (as ferroxidase). Serum Cu showed a low concentration in the 80-day-old LEC rats, but recovered to the control level in the 130-day-old LEC rats. The abnormal accumulation of Cu may be due to the inherent reduction of excretion of Cu into the bile and blood. Such deposition may be a trigger for the onset of the spontaneous hepatitis occurring at 90-120 days after birth and for the onset of hepatoma later.
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PMID:Excessive accumulation of hepatic copper in LEC rats aged 80 days without hepatitis and 130 days with hepatitis. 144 42


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