Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of airborne frying-meat emission particulate (FMEP) on metabolism of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) to potentially toxic catechol estrogens 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol (2- and 4-OH-E(2)) was determined using human lung adenocarcinoma CL5 cells treated with organic extracts of beef FMEP. E(2) was incubated with microsomes prepared from untreated CL5 cells or cells treated with 200 microg/ml FMEP extract for 6 h. E(2) metabolites formed were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that treatment with FMEP produced three-and twofold increases of 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E(2), respectively. Monooxygenase activity and immunoblot analyses showed that FMEP markedly induced microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity and cytochrome P-450 (CYP) IAI and CYPIBI protein levels. Similar increases in E(2) hydroxylation, EROD activity, and CYP protein levels were observed with HepG2 human hepatoma and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells treated with FMEP or 1 microM dibenz[a,h]anthracene. Cotreatment of CL5 cells with FMEP extract and 2 microM alpha-naphthoflavone, an arylhydrocarbon receptor antagonist, blocked the inductive effects of FMEP on E(2) hydroxylation and EROD activity. Additions of 0.01, 0.1, or 1 microM alpha-naphthoflavone, a CYP inhibitor, to microsomes produced concentration-dependent decreases in E(2) 2-hydroxylation and EROD activity of CL5 cells induced by dibenz[a,h]anthracene. The present finding demonstrates that FMEP can increase formation of 2-OH-E(2) and 4-OH-E(2) by human lung cells, and induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 is a potential mechanism underlying increased E(2) metabolism. The toxicological significance of FMEP and estrogen interaction warrants further investigation.
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PMID:Effect of frying-meat emission particulate on 17beta-estradiol 2- and 4-hydroxylation in human lung adenocarcinoma CL5 cells. 1279 42

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 is known to be induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The constitutive and TCDD-inducible transcriptional expression of human CYP1B1 is known to be cell-specific. In order to identify the cis-elements that cell-specifically regulate the constitutive and TCDD-inducible transcription of CYP1B1, we constructed luciferase reporter plasmids containing a series of deletions of the XRE core sequence in the 5'-flanking region of the human CYP1B1 gene. Luciferase assays were performed with MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), LS-180 (colon carcinoma), and OMC-3 (ovarian carcinoma) cells. Although there were large differences in the relative luciferase activity and inducibility between these four cell lines, the contribution of each reporter construct was similar. Constitutive expression increased with the regulatory elements that are present at -910 to -852 and -1652 to -1243. Potential enhancer elements for TCDD-induction were located from -1022 to -852 including three XREs, XRE3 at -853, XRE4 at -940, and XRE5 at -989. Gel shift analyses revealed binding of the AhR/ARNT heterodimer to XRE2 at -834, XRE3 at -853, XRE6 at -1024, and XRE7 at -1490. In addition, the binding of a nuclear transcriptional factor, Sp1, near XRE2 and XRE8 was observed. It was suggested that mutual interaction of XRE2 and XRE3 is important for transcriptional regulation, and that the Sp1 binding to the Sp1-like motif (-824) enhances both the constitutive and inducible transcriptional activities of the human CYP1B1 gene.
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PMID:Critical enhancer region to which AhR/ARNT and Sp1 bind in the human CYP1B1 gene. 1280 9

Cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is known to be induced by aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We found that p38 MAP kinase inhibitors (SB203580 and SB202190; 40 microm each; pyridinyl imidazole compounds) suppressed CYP1A1-mRNA induction by TCDD (2 nm) in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1 cells and in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, and also suppressed CYP1B1-mRNA induction by TCDD (2 nm) in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF7 cells. An analogue compound, SB202474, which does not inhibit p38 MAP kinase, also suppressed CYP1A1-mRNA induction by TCDD. Moreover, overexpression of a dominant-negative gene for p38 MAP kinase in Hepa-1 cells did not suppress Cyp1a1 reporter gene induction by TCDD. Therefore, the suppression of Cyp1a1 transcription by pyridinyl imidazole compounds is not because of their inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activity. Because SB203580 did not inhibit in vitro AhR transformation by TCDD, this compound was not acting as a simple AhR antagonist. SB203580 decreased TCDD-induced histone acetylation levels in the region of the Cyp1a1 gene promoter, especially around the TATA box sequence. This result suggests the possibility that pyridinyl imidazole compounds suppress the recruitment of some co-activator that has the histone acetyltransferase activity necessary for CYP1A1-mRNA transcription.
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PMID:Suppression by p38 MAP kinase inhibitors (pyridinyl imidazole compounds) of Ah receptor target gene activation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and the possible mechanism. 1459 46

The BP8 variant of the 5L rat hepatoma cell line is completely devoid of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and is a useful model to examine AHR function. Previous studies showed that BP8 cells, when transfected with mouse AHR, exhibit induction of a plasmid-based reporter even in the absence of exogenous ligands. We transfected BP8 cells with full-length human AHR and found that presence of the AHR alone was sufficient to induce substantial CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA without any exogenous AHR ligand. An AHR antagonist, 3,4-dimethoxyflavone, inhibited CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. When we transfected BP8 cells with a mutated human AHR that is defective in ligand binding, expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was diminished but not abolished. Inhibition by the AHR antagonist along with the diminished response to the mutated AHR indicates that BP8 cells contain some agent that acts as an agonist ligand for the AHR.
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PMID:AH receptor antagonist inhibits constitutive CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression in rat BP8 cells. 1504 59

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates a wide variety of toxic effects due to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The human hepatoma cell line SK-HEP-1 expresses AhR and ARNT. However, TCDD failed to induce CYP1A1 and XRE-dependent reporter genes in these cells. Although CYP1A1 was not induced by TCDD exposure, both CYP1B1 and AhR repressor (AhRR) were constitutively expressed. The AhR antagonist alpha-naphthoflavone altered the basal level of XRE-dependent reporter gene expression dose-dependently. As our results suggested the activation of AhR signals by putative endogenous ligands, we established SK-HEP-1-derived cell lines that stably expressed CYP1A1. The inducibility of XRE-dependent reporter genes and CYP1B1 by TCDD was restored in these cells. Our findings demonstrated the presence of endogenous ligands in SK-HEP-1 cells due to the absence of the metabolizing enzyme CYP1A1, but not CYP1B1, which allowed the constitutive expression of AhR target genes.
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PMID:Lack of CYP1A1 expression is involved in unresponsiveness of the human hepatoma cell line SK-HEP-1 to dioxin. 1605 81

Spanish black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) is a member of the Cruciferae family that also contains broccoli and Brussels sprouts, well-known to contain health-promoting constituents. Spanish black radishes (SBR) contain high concentrations of a glucosinolate unique to the radish family, glucoraphasatin, which represents >65% of the total glucosinolates present in SBR. The metabolites of glucosinolates, such as isothiocyanates, are implicated in health promotion, although it is unclear whether glucosinolates themselves elicit a similar response. The crude aqueous extract from 0.3 to 3 mg of dry SBR material increased the activity of the phase II detoxification enzyme quinone reductase in the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line with a maximal effect at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Treatment of HepG2 cells with the crude aqueous extract of 1 mg of SBR per mL also significantly induced the expression of mRNA corresponding to the phase I detoxification enzymes: cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 as well as the phase II detoxification enzymes: quinone reductase, heme oxygenase 1, and thioredoxin reductase 1. Previous studies have shown that the myrosinase metabolites of different glucosinolates vary in their ability to induce detoxification enzymes. Here, we show that while glucoraphasatin addition was ineffective, the isothiocyanate metabolite of glucoraphasatin, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MIBITC), significantly induced phase II detoxification enzymes at a concentration of 10 microM. These data demonstrate that the crude aqueous extract of SBR and the isothiocyanate metabolite of glucoraphasatin, MIBITC, are potent inducers of detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 cell line.
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PMID:Aqueous extract from Spanish black radish (Raphanus sativus L. Var. niger) induces detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. 1761 35

Primary human hepatocytes are used extensively to study drug-metabolizing enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. However, the activities of these enzymes decrease rapidly during culture. In the present study, using a thermo-responsive culture dish, layered co-culture was achieved by placing a bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell (BPAEC) sheet onto the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. In the BPAEC/HepG2 layered co-culture system, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression levels of various CYP enzymes were more than 10 times greater 21 days after layering than with a HepG2 monolayer. The expression levels of CYP1B1, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner, gradually increasing from day 10 after layering, and continuing to increase until at least day 21. The gene expression levels of the various CYP enzymes were almost identical to that of human liver. These results suggest that our layered co-culture system enhances the function of HepG2 cells and that our BPAEC/HepG2 layered co-culture system can serve as a useful model for the in vitro evaluation of CYP regulation.
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PMID:Up-regulation of drug-metabolizing enzyme genes in layered co-culture of a human liver cell line and endothelial cells. 1884 70

Estrogens have been proposed to act as tumor promoters and induce hepatocarcinogenesis. Recently, we observed a significant association between the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and the polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor (ESR) alpha (ESR1) gene, supporting the hypothesis of involvement for the estrogen-ESR axis in the estrogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, based on another hypothesis in which estrogen metabolites can directly cause DNA damage and affect tumor initiation, we examined whether the polymorphisms of the estrogen-metabolizing enzymes (EME), which are involved in biogenesis (CYP17, CYP19), bioavailability (CYP1A1, CYP1B1), and degradation (catechol-O-methyltransferase) of the estrogens, have any bearing on the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Seven functional polymorphisms in five EMEs (CYP17 MspAI site, CYP19 Trp39Arg, Ile462Val and MspI site in CYP1A1, CYP1B1 Val432Leu, and Ala72Ser and Val158Met in catechol-O-methyltransferase) were genotyped in 434 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 480 controls by PCR-RFLP analysis. The associations between the polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma risk were evaluated while controlling for confounding factors. No significant association with the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma was observed with the seven polymorphisms in hepatitis B virus carriers and non-hepatitis B virus carriers after correction for multiple comparisons. After stratification by common confounding factors of hepatocellular carcinoma, the EME polymorphism remained no significant association with the hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Furthermore, no signs of gene-gene interactions were observed for each combination of the seven polymorphisms. Our findings suggest that the polymorphisms of EMEs may not contribute significantly to the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Lack of association between the functional polymorphisms in the estrogen-metabolizing genes and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. 1906 81

The CYP1A family of cytochrome P450s (CYPs), comprising CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, plays a role in bioactivation of several procarcinogens to carcinogenic derivatives, and also in detoxification of several xenobiotic compounds. Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxystelbine) is a naturally occurring compound that has been shown in a number of studies to inhibit the induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 by dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin), but the mechanism(s) of resveratrol inhibition is controversial. In the current study, 100nM dioxin treatment for 24, 48, and 72 h induced CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 mRNA levels in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, and CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA levels in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2. Simultaneous treatment with 10 microM resveratrol significantly inhibited dioxin-induced mRNA expression levels of these genes in both cell lines. Our studies are novel in that we used the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to assay dioxin-induced recruitment of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT) to the enhancer regions and recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the promoter regions, of the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes in their natural chromosomal settings. These recruitments were significantly inhibited in cells cotreated with resveratrol. Our studies thus indicate that resveratrol inhibits dioxin induction of the CYP1 family members either by directly or indirectly inhibiting the recruitment of the transcription factors AHR and ARNT to the xenobiotic response elements of the corresponding genes. The reduced transcriptional factor binding at their enhancers then results in reduced pol II recruitment at the promoters of these genes.
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PMID:Resveratrol inhibits dioxin-induced expression of human CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 by inhibiting recruitment of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex and RNA polymerase II to the regulatory regions of the corresponding genes. 1937 45

We investigated the role of the activation function 1 (AF1) and AF2 domains of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in mediating dioxin-dependent recruitment of ERalpha to cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and CYP1B1 in HuH-7 human hepatoma cells. Dioxin-induced recruitment of ERalpha wildtype (ERalpha-WT) and an ERalpha AF1 deletion mutant (ERalpha-DeltaAF1), but not a transcriptional inactive AF2 mutant (ERalpha-AF2mut) to CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Direct interactions between AHR and the AF1 and AF2 domains of ERalpha were observed, and were independent of mutations in the AF2. Expression of ERalpha-WT increased dioxin-induced CYP1A1 and CYP1B1-regulated reporter activity, and CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA levels. However, no increases in gene expression above vector controls were observed in cells transfected with ERalpha-DeltaAF1 or ERalpha-AF2mut. Our data show that the AF2 domain contributes to dioxin-induced recruitment of ERalpha to AHR target genes, but that both the AF1 and AF2 domains are required for ERalpha-dependent increases in AHR activity.
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PMID:Activation function 2 mediates dioxin-induced recruitment of estrogen receptor alpha to CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. 1946 Mar 54


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