Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a broad review (140 literature citations) of the possible effects of oral contraceptives on the liver. The oral contraceptives considered consist of combined preparations of estrogens and progestogens although the so-called "minipills" contain only a progestogen. The effects are divided into 1) decrease in excretory liver function; 2) influence on bile acid formation, including cholesterol metabolism; 3) increased synthesis of various transport proteins (ceruloplasmin, transferrin, thyroxine-binding protein, and cortisol-binding protein); 4) the effects of increased tissue circulation caused by sexual hormones and anabolic steroids as a cause for more frequent cavernous angiomas and peliosis hepatis; 5) interference with the metabolism of other drugs by the competitive action of the hepatic metabolites of steroid hormones. This includes the increased formation of delta amino levulinic-acid synthetase, the key enzyme for porphyrin synthesis. The gestagen component of oral contraceptives is responsible for enzyme induction in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Morphological liver changes caused by oral contraceptives include parenchyma changes, hepatosis, reactive hepatitis, hepatitis resembling viral hepatitis, vascular changes, sinusoid ectasia, Budd-Chiari syndrome, hyperplasias and neoplasias, focal nodular hyperplasia, adenoma and liver cell carcinoma.
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PMID:[Effects of oral contraceptives on liver function and structure]. 332 30

The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased over the past few decades because of the obesity epidemic and is also strongly associated with diabetes Type 2. Patients often present asymptomatically until the liver disease becomes advanced. Alternatively, persons with NAFLD can present with various stages of inflammation, hepatosis, or fibrosis, which can eventually result in cirrhosis and lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. Lifestyle modifications are the most important aspects of cirrhosis prevention. These changes are crucial because cirrhosis is a known cause of long-term liver disease. Nurse practitioners play an important role in the early detection of NAFLD and prevention of its potentially life-threatening complications.
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PMID:The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. 3027 4