Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The control of communicable diseases, malnutrition and birth complications has been the main preoccupation of the Member States of the African Region of WHO. As a result of these control measures, death rates, particularly among infants and young children, have continued to decline. This has increased life expectancy to the extent that we are now witnessing the emergence of the diseases prevalent in the industrial world: they have already become a major public health problem in Africa. Carcinoma of the cervix and hepatocellular carcinoma are the commonest forms of cancer afflicting the people of this Region. Others include cancers of the breast, skin, prostate, oesophagus, stomach and bladder. Burkitt's lymphoma is the commonest childhood malignancy. The causal factors of some of these tumours are known, and can therefore be eliminated by primary prevention. This is shown by the almost total absence of carcinoma of the penis in those communities that practise male circumcision, and the decrease in the incidence of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin that resulted from the prevention of tropical ulcer, thanks to effective care of injuries and wounds. The priorities of the WHO cancer programme are therefore primary prevention, early detection and the provision of adequate pain relief. The success of the programme will depend mainly on whether the services provided will benefit the majority of the population.
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PMID:WHO cancer control programme in the African region. 653 17

In the study of international childhood cancer incidence coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, carcinomas were generally rare, with an annual incidence for most sites nearly always under 1/1 million. Liver carcinoma was most common in parts of East Asia, Oceania, and Africa, where it is also common among adults and hepatitis B infection is widespread. Adrenocortical carcinoma had an incidence in Sao Paulo, Brazil, of 1.5/1 million, more than three times the rate in most other registries, indicating the presence of either a specific environmental risk factor acting before or around the time of birth or a concentration of genetically susceptible persons. Thyroid carcinoma seldom had a recorded incidence of more than 1/1 million, and variations in recorded rates may reflect differences in frequency of diagnosis rather than variations in risk. In East Asian populations, who have the highest incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma among adults, the childhood incidence of this cancer was moderately elevated. By far the highest incidence in children was found in North Africa, a region of intermediate risk for adults. In the United States the incidence among Black children was nine times that among Whites. Genetic and environmental factors may both be involved in the striking ethnic and geographical distribution. Oral carcinoma in childhood had a high relative frequency in Bangladesh. In the United States, the incidence among Black children was three times that among Whites. Skin carcinoma had an exceptionally high frequency in Tunisia, associated with the unusually high prevalence of xeroderma pigmentosum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:International variations in the incidence of childhood carcinomas. 806 78

Mutations of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene are the most common genetic alterations in human cancer, found in approximately 50% of all tumors. The importance of p53 in human cancer attracts attention in molecular studies dealing with the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis in tumor pathology. This review summarizes the current understanding of p53 both on the genetic and protein level. Frequency and spectrum of somatic p53 mutations in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin and malignant melanoma are discussed including our own investigations and studies published in the literature.
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PMID:[Tumor suppressor gene p53. Theoretical principles and their significance for pathology]. 871 Jul 88

Liver transplant recipients are at greater risk for de novo neoplasia, especially lymphoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer; however, risk factors for this complication have not been well studied. Clinical and pathological records of 137 consecutive liver transplant recipients who had survived for at least 1 year were reviewed to register de novo neoplasia. Ten variables were analyzed for their association with the development of de novo malignancies by means of a log-rank test and stepwise selection in a multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model. Thirty de novo neoplasias appeared in 22 of 137 transplant recipients between 12 and 104 months after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT; median follow-up, 69 months): 14 patients had 21 skin cancers, 6 patients had solid-organ cancer, and 3 patients developed a lymphoproliferative disease. Probabilities of de novo neoplasia were 13% at 5 years post-OLT and 26% at 8 years post-OLT. The only associated risk factor for any neoplasia was age. Age and hepatocarcinoma were independent risk factors associated with skin cancer. That hepatocarcinoma in the explanted liver is an independent risk factor for skin cancer suggests there is individual susceptibility to both neoplasias.
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PMID:Risk factors for development of de novo neoplasia after liver transplantation. 1169 33

A bioassay of 4,4'-thiodianiline for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 35 rats and 35 mice of each sex were administered 4,4'-thiodianiline 5 days per week at one of the following doses, either 1,500 or 3,000 ppm for the rats and either 2,500 or 5,000 ppm for the mice. The period of administration of the chemical was 68-72 weeks for the rats and 77 or 79 weeks for the mice, depending on the length of survival time of the animals. Matched controls consisted of groups of 15 untreated rats and 14 untreated mice of each sex. All surviving matched-control rats were killed at 104 weeks; all surviving matched-control mice were killed at 91 weeks. The administration of 4,4'-thiodianiline resulted in marked reduction in mean body weights of the rats and mice of each sex, and all dosed animals died prior to the scheduled end of the study. Tumors of epithelial origin were found in many organs, and all dosed rats except one were affected at one or more sites (males: skin, ear canal, lungs, liver, colon, and thyroid; females: ear canal, lung, liver, thyroid, and uterus). These tumors were not found among any of the matched-control animals. In male rats, several of these neoplastic lesions occurred with statistically significant incidences in one or both of the dosed groups. The incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma (controls 0/15, low-dose 21/33, high-dose 10/33) and of follicular-cell carcinoma of the thyroid (controls 0/15, low-dose 28/33, high-dose 32/33) were significant in each of the groups at P</= 0.014. The combined incidences of squamous-cell carcinoma and squamous-cell papilloma of the ear canal in the low- and high-dose groups of males were both significantly higher (low-dose P=0.001, high-dose P=0.037) than that in the control group (controls 0/15, low-dose 15/33, high dose 8/33). The first such tumor in the high-dose group was observed at 25 weeks. Also in low-dose male rats, squamous-cell papilloma of the skin occurred in 4/33 animals, and squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin in 1/33, but no tumors of either type occurred in the controls. The incidences of these lesions were too low to have statistical significance. The majority of the squamous-cell tumors of the skin were located in one area near the commissure of the mouth. Only one such tumor occurred among the 235 historical-control male rats at this laboratory; thus, the tumors of the skin may be associated with administration of the chemical. Adenocarcinoma of the colon occurred in six low-dose male rats and in one high-dose male rat, but not in any of the controls. This incidence is not statistically significant; however, no such tumors occurred among the 235 historical-control male rats at this laboratory; thus, the tumors of the colon are considered to be related to administration of 4,4'-thiodianiline. In female rats, the incidences of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma in the dosed groups were greater than those in the controls, but not statistically significant (controls 0/15, low-dose 6/32, high-dose 3/33). Follicular-cell carcinoma of the thyroid and adenocarcinoma of the uterus occurred in the females administered the test chemical at statistically significant incidences (P<0.001) in both dosed groups (follicular-cell carcinoma: controls 0/14, low-dose 24/33, high-dose 32/32; adenocarcinoma: controls 0/15, low-dose 31/33, high-dose 23/32). Squamous-cell papilloma or carcinoma of the ear canal occurred at increased, but not statistically significant, incidences in female rats (controls 0/15, low-dose 6/33, high-dose 3/33). However, no such tumors occurred among the 235 historical-control female rats at this laboratory; thus, the tumors of the ear canal are considered to be related to administration of the chemical. In mice of each sex, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was statistically significant (P<0.001) in each of the dosed groups (males: controls 1/13, low-dose 32/34, 32/34, high-dose 22/24, females: controls 0/12, low-dose 32/34, high-dose 30/31). In the males, follicular-cell carcinoma of the thyroid occurred at statistically significant incidences (P </= 0.001) in both the low- and high-dose groups (controls 0/14, low-dose 15/33, high-dose 20/23). In the females, the incidence was significant (P=0.002) only at the high dose (controls 0/11, high-dose 15/30); however, when follicular-cell adenoma and carcinoma were combined, the incidences in both the low- and high-dose groups of females were significantly higher (low-dose P=0.025, high-dose P<0.001) than that in the control group (controls 0/11, low-dose 11/33, high-dose 18/30). It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, 4,4'-thiodianiline was carcinogenic for Fischer 344 rats, inducing tumors in the liver, thyroid, colon, and ear canal of male rats, and the thyroid, uterus, and ear canal of female rats. 4,4'-Thiodianiline was carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice, inducing tumors in the liver and thyroid of both males and females.
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PMID:Bioassay of 4,4'-thiodianiline for possible carcinogenicity. 1284 60

An 85-year-old man is presented, suffering end-stage metastasizing hepatocellular carcinoma with a disabling tumor mass of 5 cm in diameter on his forehead. The tumor emitted an extremely foul odor, very disconcerting to the patient and family. The tumor was excised under local anaesthesia. Histopathologic examination disclosed the astonishing diagnosis of an extremely rare lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the skin.
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PMID:A palliative intervention allows discovery of a rare tumor: lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the skin. 2239 28

It was suggested that vitamin D levels influence cancer development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a crucial mediator for the cellular effects of vitamin D. In fact It has been hypothesized that polymorphisms in the VDR gene affect cancer risk and the relevance of VDR gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms for various types of cancer has been investigated by a great number of studies. However, results from previous studies on the association of VDR polymorphisms with different cancer types are somewhat contradictory, and the role of VDR in the etiology of cancer is still equivocal. We have performed a systematic review of the literature to analyze the relevance of more VDR polymorphisms (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, and Cdx2) for individual malignancies, including cancer of the skin (melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer), ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, thyroid carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, sarcoma, head and neck and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Up to June 2012, we identified 79 independent studies for a total of 52427 cases and 62225 controls. Significant associations with VDR polymorphisms have been reported for prostate (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1), breast (Fok1, Bsm1, Apa1), colon-rectum (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1) and skin cancer (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1). Very few studies reported risk estimates for the other cancer sites. Conflicting data have been reported for most malignancies and at present it is still not possible to make any definitive statements about the importance of the VDR genotype for cancer risk. It seems probable that interactions with other factors such as calcium and vitamin D intake, 25(OH)D plasma levels and UV radiation exposure play a decisive role in cancer risk. To conclude, there is some indication that VDR polymorphisms may modulate the risk of some cancer sites and in future studies VDR genetic variation should be integrated also with prediagnostic indicator of vitamin D status.
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PMID:Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer. 2520 61

Malignancy after solid organ transplantation remains a major cause of posttransplant mortality. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor class of immunosuppressants exerts various antioncogenic effects, and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus is licensed for the treatment of several solid cancers. In kidney transplantation, evidence from registry studies indicates a lower rate of de novo malignancy under mTOR inhibition, with some potentially supportive data from randomized trials of everolimus. Case reports and small single-center series have suggested that switch to everolimus may be beneficial following diagnosis of posttransplant malignancy, particularly for Kaposi's sarcoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, but prospective studies are lacking. A systematic review has shown mTOR inhibition to be associated with a significantly lower rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence versus standard calcineurin inhibitor therapy. One meta-analysis has concluded that patients with nontransplant HCC experience a low but significant survival benefit under everolimus monotherapy, so far unconfirmed in a transplant population. Data are limited in heart transplantation, although observational data and case reports have indicated that introduction of everolimus is helpful in reducing the recurrence of skin cancers. Overall, it can be concluded that, in certain settings, everolimus appears a promising option to lessen the toll of posttransplant malignancy.
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PMID:Everolimus and Malignancy after Solid Organ Transplantation: A Clinical Update. 2780 79