Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We reviewed the records of 107 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) to evaluate the relation between second primary neoplasms and the NHL immunophenotype. The incidence of second primary neoplasms was 3.7%. There were one case of hepatocellular carcinoma and 3 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma including one patient who had a history of metachronous malignant lymphomas. Three patients had B cell lymphoma with monoclonal IgM kappa phenotype, and one patient had follicular mixed cell type lymphoma with serum monoclonal IgM kappa. The dominant immunophenotype of B cell lymphomas in Japanese patients is IgM lambda. We believe that the association of the uncommon phenotype of IgM kappa with second primary neoplasms, especially gastric cancer, reflects an underlying genetic predisposition. NHL patients with IgM kappa phenotype should be evaluated carefully for second primary neoplasms.
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PMID:Relationship between immunophenotype and the development of second primary neoplasms in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 254 69

The clinical records and radiologic findings in six patients with spontaneous (nontraumatic) intrahepatic and subcapsular hemorrhage were reviewed. Four patients had underlying liver lesions (hepatocellular carcinoma and metastasis from B-cell lymphoma in one patient each and hepatic adenoma in two other patients). One patient had intrahepatic hemorrhage associated with hepatic necrosis secondary to organophosphate toxicity. The specific etiology of hemorrhage in the remaining patient proved elusive despite an exhaustive search. Hepatic hemorrhage was diagnosed and followed by CT (six cases), sonography (two cases), and celiac arteriography (three cases). Computed tomography was useful in defining the extent of the hematoma and showing density changes related to the age of the hematoma.
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PMID:Spontaneous hepatic hemorrhage: clinical and CT findings. 336 50

The immune system has evolved under Darwinian pressures as a defence against ubiquitous viruses. Immune surveillance against viral antigens protects the normal host. Individuals with inherited or acquired immune-deficiency disorders can become vulnerable to ubiquitous viruses and neoplasms can ensue, such as B-cell lymphoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and carcinoma of the penis and uterine cervix. Immunodeficiency permits Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus to induce sustained target-cell proliferation. Each virus selects specific cellular targets bearing viral receptors and the infection leads to proliferation of the target cells rather than lysis. Various co-factors, including nutrition, exposure to tumour-promoting agents, parasitic infection, and ultraviolet light, may promote carcinogenesis. Depending on the type and severity of the immune deficiency, gradual proliferation may lead to evolution of a malignant clone. Conversion of polyclonal virally infected proliferating cells to give monoclonal malignancy is probably due to specific cytogenetic rearrangements which allow oncogene activation and endow an altered tumour cell with selective growth advantages over normal diploid cells. Prevention of viral oncogenesis may be possible by treatment of immune-deficient individuals with premalignant disorders. Immunotherapy and antiviral therapy may prevent progression of viral-induced proliferation to malignancy. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and evaluate the role of immune deficiency and viruses in the induction of malignancies commonly occurring in Africans residing in sub-Saharan Africa (Purtilo, 1976). The types of malignancies commonly occurring in this region are believed to be due to ubiquitous viruses. A failure of immune surveillance mechanisms to recognize viral antigens and abrogate proliferation of infected target cells predisposes to malignancy by increasing the chance of a proliferating cell undergoing a cytogenetic or molecular alteration which endows it with malignant characteristics. The immunological surveillance hypothesis has been elaborated during this century by Ehrlich, Thomas, Burnet, and Schwartz (reviewed by Purtilo & Linder, 1983). This hypothesis rests on several assumptions: that neoplastic cells possess unique tumour antigens: tumour antigens provoke an immune response in the host; and the immune response is protective and eliminates the tumour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Squamous-cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and Burkitt's lymphoma are consequences of impaired immune surveillance of ubiquitous viruses in acquired immune deficiency syndrome, allograft recipients and tropical African patients. 610 Feb 88

Thioredoxin (TRX), a disulfide-reducing intracellular dithiol enzyme, is synthesized by both normal liver cells and the hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2. Only the former, however, secrete abundant TRX extracellularly. When cultured in mild reducing conditions, HepG2 cells but not normal hepatocytes increase the rate of TRX secretion and undergo growth inhibition accompanied by morphological changes. Also, recombinant TRX inhibits proliferation of HepG2 cells. In contrast, exogenous thiols and TRX stimulate proliferation of a B-cell lymphoma line, indicating that different cell types respond differently to variations in the extracellular redox potential.
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PMID:High rates of thioredoxin secretion correlate with growth arrest in hepatoma cells. 783 39

Viruses implicated in the development of human cancers include hepatitis B (and C) viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma; human papillomaviruses in anogenital cancers; Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma; human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma; and indirectly, human immunodeficiency viruses in Kaposi's sarcoma and B-cell lymphoma. Together, they contribute significantly to the cancer statistics in the Southeast Asian region. Neoplastic proliferation may be instigated by the presence and expression of viral oncogenes which may be integrated into the host genome and/or exist in episomal molecules. Critical viral genes may also interfere with host genes, resulting in the activation of cellular proto-oncogenes and/or the inactivation of anti-oncogenes and their products. The molecular pathogenesis of virally-induced cancers has led to major breakthroughs in the understanding of carcinogenesis at a molecular level. The occurrence of some of these viruses in a significant proportion of normal individuals suggests long latency periods necessitating multi-step co-operating events arising from multi-factorial agents such as host genetic susceptibility, immunological and hormonal status, as well as chemical and physical cocarcinogens in the environment. Successful intervention achieved with effective vaccines such as the hepatitis B vaccine and measures to severe the chain of viral transmission culminating in reduced incidence of the corresponding cancer will provide conclusive evidence for the virus-cancer relationship.
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PMID:Cancer and viruses. 810 16

Primary B-cell lymphoma of the liver is an extremely rare tumor. The higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C is well known, but the relationship with lymphoma is unclear. An increased incidence has been reported in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis C virus is known to be a lymphotropic virus. Mixed cryoglobulinemia, which is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder, has a definite association with hepatitis C. It is postulated that the virus may also induce a malignant transformation. We describe an unusual presentation of a case of asymptomatic left hepatic mass in a patient with hepatitis C with a preoperative diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. He underwent a left lateral segmentectomy, and the pathologic examination revealed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The clinical features, radiologic investigations, and pathologic findings are presented. A review of the literature discussing clinical features, postulated pathogenetic mechanisms, and management options is also presented.
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PMID:Primary hepatic lymphoma in hepatitis C: case report and review of the literature. 1048 95

Several types of virus were found to have a strong association with different types of cancers. Thus, a selective antiviral compound without toxicity upon long-term usage will be useful not only for the treatment of viral diseases but also for the prevention or the delayed onset of those cancers, which have a strong association with viruses. L(-)Nucleoside analogs were discovered recently in my laboratory as an important class of antiviral and anticancer chemical entities. L(-)SddC (3TC, Lamivudine), FTC, Fd4C, and L(-)FMAU are potent anti-HBV compounds with different pharmacological profiles. These compounds may be useful in the prevention or delayed onset of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with HBV. L(-)I-OddU is the most potent anti-Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) compound without cytotoxicity and animal toxicity upon long-term dosing which gives the pharmacological levels of the drug in plasma. This compound may have the potential to prevent B-cell lymphoma associated with patients undergoing organ transplants in addition to its potential use for the treatment of EBV infection.
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PMID:Potential use of antiviral L(-)nucleoside analogues for the prevention or treatment of viral associated cancers. 1116 88

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and the elimination of apoptotic cells are crucial factors in the maintenance of liver health Apoptosis allows hepatocytes to die without provoking a potentially harmful inflammatory response In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is tightly controlled and regulated via several mechanisms, including Fas/Fas ligand interactions, the effects of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and the influence of pro- and antiapoptotic mitochondria-associated proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family. Efficient elimination of apoptotic cells in the liver relies on Kupffer cells and endothelial cells and is thought to be regulated by the expression of certain cell surface receptors. Liver disease is often associated with enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis, which is the case in viral and autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, and metabolic disorders. Disruption of apoptosis is responsible for other diseases, for example, hepatocellular carcinoma. Use and abuse of certain drugs, especially alcohol, chemotherapeutic agents, and acetaminophen, have been associated with increased apoptosis and liver damage. Apoptosis also plays a role in transplantation-associated liver damage, both in ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection. The role of apoptosis in various liver diseases and the mechanisms by which apoptosis occurs in the liver may provide insight into these diseases and suggest possible treatments.
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PMID:Apoptosis in diseases of the liver. 1134 18

It has been established that several types of cancers have a strong association with viruses. Thus, a potent antiviral compound without toxicity upon long-term usage will be useful not only for the treatment of viral diseases but also for the prevention or the delayed onset of those cancers that have a strong association with viruses. These compounds, depending upon their mechanism of action, could also potentially be useful for the treatment of those viral-associated cancers. L(-)Deoxynucleoside analogues were discovered in my laboratory and by others as an important class of antiviral and anti-cancer chemical entities. L(-)SddC (3TC, lamivudine), L(-)FTC, L(-)Fd4C, and L(-)FMAU are compounds with potent activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV), but with different biological and pharmacological profiles. These compounds may be useful in the prevention or delayed onset of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with HBV. L(-)I-OddU is a potent anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) compound without cytotoxicity and animal toxicity upon long-term dosing, which allows drug concentration in plasma that are much higher than those that are antivirally active. This compound may have the potential to prevent B-cell lymphoma associated with patients undergoing organ transplants in addition to its potential use for the treatment of EBV infection. Furthermore, it may also be useful for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers. In this manuscript, the metabolism, mechanism of action and the resistance, as well as the potential use of this class of compounds targetted against HBV, will be discussed.
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PMID:L-Nucleoside analogues against cancer-causing viruses have potential in the prevention, delayed onset and treatment of viral associated cancers. 1159 88

In the Asia-Pacific region, autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in patients infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) may be complicated by fatal hepatic failure due to viral reactivation. Survivors may suffer from accelerated hepatitis and cirrhosis. We report the first case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after autologous BMT for mediastinal B cell lymphoma. The tumor developed rampantly during a planned pregnancy 5 years after BMT. Less than 40 cases of HCC complicating pregnancy have been reported, and outcome is invariably poor. Immunosuppression and HBV reactivation after autologous BMT, as well as immune tolerance and hormonal changes associated with pregnancy may contribute to the rapid tumor growth. Biochemical and radiological surveillance for HCC should be strengthened in HBV carriers after BMT, especially in patients with the histology of chronic liver disease, or biochemical/ virological evidence of increased HBV activity.
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PMID:Aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma complicating pregnancy after autologous bone marrow transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 1185 Jul 14


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