Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 'blind' recombinant immunoscreening approach, of general application to studies of infectious diseases, was used to clone and identify the genome of the previously uncharacterized non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) virus. This agent is a positive-stranded RNA virus that appears to be distantly related to the flaviviridae family. A recombinant viral antigen (C100-3) was used to develop a capture assay for circulating antibody. Data obtained using this assay indicate that this agent, termed the hepatitis C virus (HCV), is the major cause of post-transfusion, community-acquired and cryptogenic, NANB. Anti-C100-3 antibody appears to be directed towards dominant, non-structural viral epitopes. It is a non-neutralising antibody that develops generally late in infection and is a particularly good marker of chronic, persistent viraemia. Many asymptomatic but infectious blood donors can now be detected using this antibody assay. HCV is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and possibly, other liver diseases.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus: the major causative agent of viral non-A, non-B hepatitis. 211 12

During the period 1986-1988, the expression of anti-HDV in different high-risk groups and its clinical impact on patients with HBV-related chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma was investigated in Iran. Using the ELISA technique, we observed a 2.5% anti-HDV positivity in asymptomatic chronic HBsAg carriers (3 of 120); in hemophiliacs, two of six HBsAg carriers were positive for anti-HDV and zero of 50 anti-HBs positives. Anti-HBs positive dialysis patients were positive for anti-HDV in 2.0% of the cases (1 of 50), whereas the rate of anti-HDV positivity was 44.5% in hemodialysis patients positive for HBsAg (16 of 36). The figures were comparable in HBsAg positive patients with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis (49.2%; 31 of 63). Moreover, anti-HDV was detected in five of eight patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. These data indicate the endemicity of delta infection in Iran. The increased incidence among hepatocellular carcinoma patients is an interesting finding to be further investigated with larger groups of patients in this region.
Infection
PMID:A study on delta virus infection and its clinical impact in Iran. 215 76

Four cases of type 2 hepatitis B virus (HBV-2) infection were demonstrated in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia during the hepatitis B marker ELISA screening of the 152 native pregnant females, 42 cases of primary hepatocellular carcinoma, 19 cases with an epithelial but non-hepatic malignancy, 16 with a non-epithelial and non-hepatic malignancy and eight with chronic hepatitis. HBV-2 infection diagnosis was based on HBsAg positivity without anti-HBc, anti-HBs and HBeAg in one pregnant female and one patient each with a primary hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphocytic lymphoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma. During neutralisation of HBsAg ELISA reactivity, the respective reduction in absorbance values in sera from the pregnant female and the patient with primary hepatocellular carcinoma were 21% and 76% respectively. HBV-2 specific gene probes would be needed to define its role in pathogenesis of malignant neoplasms and chronic hepatitis. Incorporation of pre-S2 sequences in future hepatitis B vaccines is likely to protect against both, HBV-2 and conventional hepatitis B (HBV-1) exposures.
Infection
PMID:Type 2 hepatitis B virus (HBV-2) in carriers and patients with malignancy in Saudi Arabia. 217 Feb 76

Ten years ago hepatitis B virus (HBV) was thought to be a unique virus, not included in any known family of viruses. Following the discovery of a number of HBV-like viruses that infect birds and mammals, the existence of a new family known as hepadnaviridae has been confirmed. Hepadnaviruses are small hepatotropic viruses that have a characteristic partially double stranded genome, exhibit a narrow host range and replicate by reverse transcription. The family currently comprises six viruses of which human hepatitis B virus is the prototype member. Other members include woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV), tree squirrel hepatitis virus (TSHV). Peking duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) and heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV). Candidate members of the family include kangaroo hepatitis virus (KHV) and stink snake hepatitis virus (SSHV). In humans, infection with HBV is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical conditions including acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Infection with HBV is endemic throughout much of the world and the virus is maintained by the enormous reservoir of over 300 million chronic carriers. For almost 20 years experimental work on hepadnaviruses has been carried out using either natural hosts or cultured cells that were capable to support synthesis of a few viral gene products but unable to execute a complete cycle of virus replication. In this article, we have attempted to summarize the efforts made towards understanding the biology of hepadnaviruses, the nature of their infections and their association with primary liver cancer.
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PMID:Hepadnaviruses, their infections and hepatocellular carcinoma. 217 94

During the last eighteen years (1970-1987) at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of the University of Pavia, Ospedale Policlinico S. Matteo, IRCCS, Pavia (referral Center for hepatitis in our district: 502534 inhabitants) we observed 4238 patients (2706 M = 63.8%; 1532 F = 36.2%) admitted with presumptive diagnosis of hepatitis. The male to female sex ratio was 1.78 and average age was 38 (1-90) years. Acute viral hepatitis was diagnosed in 3238 patients (76.4%), 1960 of which were males (60.5%) and 1278 (39.5%) females, with an average age of 35 (1-88) years. The possible route of transmission was: drug addition in 487 patients (15%), blood transfusion in 464 (14.3%), other (sexual, professional, familiar) in 332 (10.3%), unknown in 1955 (60.4%). Chronic hepatitis (CH) was diagnosed according to the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and to the International Association for the Study of the Liver (IASL) in 848 patients (20%), 704 M(83%) and 144 F (17%) with an average age of 48 (2-90) years. 463 patients (54.5%) were biopsied during admission, 385 (45.5%) received definitive diagnosis by clinical and previous histologic records. CAH was found in 268 (57.9%), CPH in 161 (34.8%) and CLH in 20 (4.3%) patients. Other liver diseases (steatosis, cirrhosis, HCC) were identified in 152 subjects (3%). The prevalence of A, B, NANB and Delta hepatitis virus and HI virus in the acute disease was respectively of 5.4%, 54.8%, 33.9%, 0.28% and 0.77%. In CH the HBV aetiology accounted for 49.1%, NANB virus for 44.5%, co/super infection with HDV for 15%. Among factors involved in pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis we focused attention on drug addition which was found in 129 (28.7%) patients, blood transfusion in 70 (15.6%), HIV infection in 35 of 166 (21.1%). The data still demonstrate the high prevalence of HBV aetiology of CH and existence of co-factors in the pathogenesis of chronicity. The lack of markers for NANB infection persists as the main problem in the diagnosis of liver disease. This work was supported by grant 40% from M.P.I.: "Epatiti virali acute e croniche"....
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PMID:The spectrum of chronic hepatitis in the last two decades in a university hospital for infectious diseases. 249 35

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) has been linked etiologically to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by epidemiologic and molecular lines of evidence. Serologic evidence of HBV and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection was assessed in sera from 47 Greek patients with PHC. Radioimmunoassays for the detection of serological markers of HBV and HDV infections and molecular hybridization techniques for the detection of HBV DNA sequences were used. Serological evidence of HBV infection was found in 93.6% of PHC patients. Of the 47 patients, 20 (42.6%) were positive for HBsAg, 43 (91.5%) were positive for anti-HBc and 21 (44.7%) were positive for anti-HBs. Anti-HBe was detected in a high percentage (90%) of HBsAg positive PHC patients. Anti-HBc IgM was also detected in 90% of HBsAg positive PHC patients; in contrast, HBV DNA was detected only in 5% of them. None of the 47 patients had serological evidence of HDV infection. These data show that HBV appears to be the principal etiological agent of PHC in Greece.
Infection
PMID:Serological markers of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus infections in Greek adults with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. 253

Infection of rat cells, Schwannoma RN2, hepatoma HTC or myoblast L6, with the murine coronavirus JHM strain results in a persistent infection characterized by the release of virus over an extended period of time with a limited cytopathology. Several stages of the viral replication cycle have been examined in these cells in comparison to those in mouse L2 cells, which are totally permissive to JHM infection. Although the rat cells bound as much virus as the mouse cells. Their ability to internalize it was 40-fold less efficient than the mouse cells. This lower internalization efficiency was not enhanced by pH shock of infected cells, but was by treatment with polyethylene glycol. In all cell types there appeared to be no major differences in the ability of the internalized virus to replicate the viral RNA as determined by slot-blot analysis with a radiolabelled viral cDNA. A similar genetic mechanism appears to be operative in the lines because somatic cell hybrids formed between these lines in various combinations were also deficient in the ability to internalize bound virus. Taken together these results imply that rat cell lines in general share a common deficiency in their inability to internalize murine coronaviruses efficiently. This low efficiency in viral internalization may explain in part the ability of these lines to sustain persistent infections.
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PMID:Several rat cell lines share a common defect in their inability to internalize murine coronaviruses efficiently. 254 62

Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or related hepadnaviruses is associated with a wide spectrum of liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this article we review the current state of knowledge about the structure, genetic organization and life cycle of HBV. The mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and HCC development remain poorly understood, but new approaches may soon begin to shed light on these areas.
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PMID:The molecular biology of hepatitis B virus. 254 59

Hepatoma cells were infected with replication-incompetent murine retroviruses containing the selectable gene for amino-3'-glycosyl phosphotransferase (neo) and/or the nonselectable gene for bovine growth hormone (bGH). Expression of these genes was controlled by the promoter regulatory region of the gene for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) (PEPCK) from the rat, which contains hormone and tissue-specific regulatory elements. Expression of the transduced PEPCK-neo gene was stimulated by Bt2cAMP and glucocorticoids and inhibited by insulin. The amount of RNA which initiated within the retroviral 5' long terminal repeat (5' LTR) was inhibited when internal promoters were present in the retroviral vector. When no internal promoter was present, expression from the 5' LTR was higher and stimulated by glucocorticoids, due to the presence of a glucocorticoid regulatory element in the 5' LTR. Infection of cells with retroviruses altered the basal expression and hormonal regulation of the endogenous PEPCK gene, but had no effect on the expression of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene, which is regulated in a similar manner by cAMP and glucocorticoids. A segment of the PEPCK promoter acted as a hormonally regulated enhancer, bringing the SV40 early promoter under the control of Bt2cAMP. A second, nonselectable gene (PEPCK-bGH), contained in the retroviral vector together with PEPCK-neo, was expressed and regulated appropriately when introduced into hepatoma cells. The proviruses were initially integrated randomly into the host cell genome, but after prolonged selection for expression of the transduced PEPCK-neo gene, cells were selected which contain a predominant site(s) of integration. Among populations of cells, however, the predominant site(s) of proviral integration was different. The selection of cells with a specific site of integration from a population was accelerated by the presence of PEPCK promoter sequences in the provirus. Despite the need to better characterize their effects on the host cell, retroviruses appear to be versatile tools for the specific introduction of regulated genes into cells.
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PMID:Hormonal regulation of chimeric genes containing the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter regulatory region in hepatoma cells infected by murine retroviruses. 284 79

In this study, the kinetic patterns of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection were monitored in the liver and the five primary components of the lymphoid system (peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus). Groups of woodchucks experimentally infected with a standardized inoculum of WHV were sacrificed at different times over a 65-week period beginning in the preacute phase of viral infection and continuing to the period of serologic recovery or the establishment of chronic infections and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma. Infection by WHV was not limited to the liver but involved the major components of the lymphoid system during all stages of virus infection. A complex series of kinetic patterns was observed for the appearance of WHV DNA in the different lymphoid compartments and the liver during the entire course of viral infection. A progressive evolution of different WHV genomic forms related to the replicative state of WHV was also observed. Lymphoid cells of the bone marrow were the first cells in which WHV DNA was detected, followed in order by the liver, the spleen, peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph nodes, and finally the thymus. Several differences were observed in the cellular WHV DNA patterns between woodchucks that developed chronic WHV infections and those that serologically recovered from acute WHV infections. The observations compiled in this study indicate that the host lymphoid system is intimately involved in the natural history of hepadnavirus infections from the earliest stages of virus entry.
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PMID:Natural history of woodchuck hepatitis virus infections during the course of experimental viral infection: molecular virologic features of the liver and lymphoid tissues. 291 83


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