Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two cases of minute hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) found in a liver infested with Clonorchis sinensis are described. One had mild infestation with hepatic changes suggestive of posthepatitic cirrhosis, and the other heavy infestation exhibiting secondary biliary cirrhosis with dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and periductal fibrosis. None had evidence of hepatitis B infection. The tumor nodule was solitary, measuring 5 X 7 mm and 10 X 11 mm, respectively, and the cells were differentiated to be classified as Grade I of Edmondson-Steiner's scale of anaplasia. It is not clear whether or not clonorchiasis was etiologically related to HCC, but it was of interest that in both cases the tumor nodule was very small representing the primary lesion without metastasis.
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PMID:A minute hepatocellular carcinoma found in a liver with clonorchis sinensis infection: report of two cases. 19 47

This study is based on an analysis of 1839 consecutive necropsies. Liver diseases are common in Singapore. Of particular importance are cholelithiasis, cirrhosis and primary carcinoma of the liver. Gallstones are mainly of the pigment variety and a significant proportion are present in the bile ducts. The multiracial composition of the population is reflected in a difference in the pattern of liver diseases among the different ethnic groups. Indians are found to have more alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis which are often of the micronodular type, while the Chinese have significantly more macronodular cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clonorchiasis and schistosomiasis are confined to the immigrant Chinese. The pattern of liver diseases is changing. Cholangitis and cholangitic abscesses as a result of cholelithiasis are becoming more common while amoebic abscesses and hepatic ascariasis are definitely on the decline. This is attributable to improved sanitary conditions.
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PMID:The pattern of liver diseases in Singapore. An autopsy study. 22 47

In recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC), there is primary bacterial cholangitis resulting in the formation of strictures and stones in the intrahepatic as well as the extrahepatic bile ducts. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a very useful investigation in the study of RPC. The location of stones and strictures and the morphology of the bile ducts are well delineated. Moreover, cholangitis liver abscesses and biliary-enteric fistulas, which are frequently encountered in RPC, are demonstrated. ERCP can also be used to differentiate RPC from ascariasis, clonorchiasis, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, which sometimes have quite similar clinical pictures and can be confused with RPC. ERCP should be performed in every patient with RPC in order to plan surgical treatment. Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) is indicated in RPC patients with residual common bile duct stones or papillary stenosis, and as primary treatment in selected high-risk patients. More studies are necessary to establish additional indications for EPT.
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PMID:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic papillotomy in recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. 373 19

Extensive survey of the distribution of the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis in Guandong Province, China, has revealed high frequencies in human populations in some areas and absence in others. The distribution relates in part to the demography of first and second intermediate hosts and animal reservoir hosts, but it relates more clearly to the differing food habits of various populations in particular geographic areas. Thus clonorchiasis is concentrated in the Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) delta and along the Han Jiang (Han River) but is absent in the Leizhou Peninsula and in the western region of the province. Males tend to have higher infection rates than females. Age distribution is not uniform: in some communities infection rates increase with age where adults eat raw or undercooked fish, while in other infections reaches its peak in early teenage children and declines thereafter where children eat small raw fish but the habit does not persist into adult life. While there is some evidence that high C. sinensis rates correlate with high liver cancer rates and vice versa, this issue requires in depth investigation at community level to differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma and early cholangiocarcinoma, since it is possible that C. sinensis infection promotes higher risk of the latter form of liver cancer.
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PMID:Epidemiologic characteristics of Clonorchiasis sinensis in Guandong Province, China. 785 42

Most cholangiocarcinomas are ductal adenocarcinomas that arise from both intra- and extrahepatic bile duct epithelium, and their typical growth pattern can be classified as exophytic, infiltrative, polypoid, or a combination of these. Those of unusual histologic type (eg, mucin-hypersecreting cholangiocarcinoma, squamous adenocarcinoma, biliary cystadenocarcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma) show a growth pattern different from that of the typical ones (ie, ductal). Cholangiocarcinomas frequently develop in patients with any of a variety of preexisting bile duct diseases, some of which are considered precursors of cholangiocarcinoma (eg, biliary lithiasis, clonorchiasis, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis). Some bulky hepatic tumors of either primary or secondary origin mimic exophytic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Some variants of hepatocellular carcinoma, such as sclerosing, fibrolamellar, and cholangiohepatocellular carcinoma, resemble exophytic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma, while that with intraductal growth resembles polypoid cholangiocarcinoma. Among benign bile duct diseases, tumorous conditions (eg, benign biliary tumors) may mimic polypoid cholangiocarcinoma, whereas benign stricture of various causes (eg, cholangitides, traumatic and postsurgical sequelae, chronic pancreatitis, papillary stenosis) usually mimics infiltrative cholangiocarcinoma.
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PMID:Radiologic spectrum of cholangiocarcinoma: emphasis on unusual manifestations and differential diagnoses. 1159 51

Three hundred and forty-nine autopsy cases of schistosomiasis japonica were divided into two groups, based on the pathomorphology. Frequent regressive hepatic lesions such as active schistosomal lesion and destruction of limiting plates characterized the first group. The second group showed reparative hepatic lesions such as regeneration of the collapsed parenchyma, newly formed limiting plates and subsequent narrowing and disappearance of fibrous septa. Complications of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma related to viral hepatitis B and/or C also increased. Clonorchiasis was consistently found in both groups.
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PMID:A historical view of schistosomiasis japonica in the Chikugo river basin. What can we learn from autopsy? 1466 90

This review examines the literature on imported (allochthonous) and local (autochthonous) cases of food-borne trematode (FBT) infections in the United States of America (USA) from 1890 to 2009. Most of the literature is concerned with imported cases of the opisthorchiids Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini. These flukes cause serious pathology in the liver and biliary system of humans. Chronic cases may induce liver (hepatocarcinoma) and bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma) cancers in humans. Clonorchiasis and opithorchiasis are preventable diseases that can be avoided by eating properly cooked freshwater fish products. Several species of lung flukes in the genus Paragonimus are local or imported FBT in the USA. The endemic cycle occurs in the USA with various local snails and crustaceans serving as intermediate hosts. Paragonimids are acquired when humans eat raw or improperly cooked freshwater crustaceans containing metacercarial cysts. Infection can cause severe lung disease and the symptoms of paragonimiasis often mimic those of tuberculosis and other non-helminthic diseases. Paragonimiasis can be avoided by not eating raw or improperly cooked shellfish. The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica can be acquired by eating raw or uncooked vegetation. The cycle exists in the USA involving local snails and aquatic vegetation. Although some cases are local, most are imported by travelers or immigrants. Fascioliasis can cause serious liver and biliary diseases in humans and consumption of tainted vegetation should be avoided. Lesser known FBT have been reported in the USA including species of Alaria, echinostomids, heterophyids, troglotrematids, and a self-induced infection of Plagiorchis. Treatment of the FBT mentioned in this review consists of various regimens of praziquantel, except for F. hepatica where the drug of choice is triclabendazole.
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PMID:Food-borne trematode infections of humans in the United States of America. 2035 54