Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019204 (hepatocellular carcinoma)
 71,386 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in four developing countries were analyzed to evaluate the role of reproductive factors in the etiology of liver cancer. Eighty-three patients newly diagnosed with primary liver cancer and 596 matched controls between the ages of 15 and 56 years completed study interviews. The relative risk of hepatocellular carcinoma was elevated significantly in women of high gravidity, an association that was attributable to the effects of full-term pregnancies. The adjusted relative-risk estimate in women who had ever had a full-term pregnancy was 1.6 (95 percent confidence interval = 0.6-4.1), and risk increased directly with the number of full-term pregnancies (P for trend = 0.03), rising to 3.8 among women with seven or more births compared to women with one to two births. Induced abortions and a history of miscarriage were unrelated to risk. These findings were unchanged after adjustment for a history of jaundice, lifetime number of sexual partners, or age at first sexual intercourse--variables which may be related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure. Serum samples to determine HBV status were not collected, however, and it is not known whether the observed associations are independent of prior HBV infection.
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PMID:Reproductive factors in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. 131 Dec 11

To evaluate the disease association with HLA-DR 3/4 heterozygotes, 1,074 subjects, who had been analyzed consecutively for HLA-DR antigens for organ transplantation or to study the disease association with HLA from June 1984 to June 1986, were enrolled in this study. Of these subjects, 278 had diabetes, 168 were healthy controls or donors, and 628 had other diseases. Of the 1,074 subjects, 35 subjects (3.2%) were DR 3/4 heterozygotes and 1,039 subjects (96.7%) were non-DR 3/4 heterozygotes. Among the 35 DR 3/4 positive subjects, 23 were diabetic (65.7%), two were healthy donors (5.7%), 10 had other diseases (28.5%) such as recurrent abortion (n = 3), hepatoma (n = 2), Graves' disease (n = 1), idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (n = 1), IgA nephropathy (n = 1), uveitis (n = 1) and gout (n = 1). Among the 23 DR 3/4 positive diabetics, 19 (82.6%) had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), three (13.0%) had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and one (4.3%) had maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). When these DR 3/4 positive diabetics were compared with the other disease and control/donor groups, significant increases in the relative risk were seen for IDDM patients (RR = 32.61, 43.80, respectively, p < 0.001). No significant association could be seen for NIDDM and MODY patients. In those non-diabetic patients positive for DR 3/4, there was no significant association with DR 3/4 heterozygotes. These findings suggest that: 1) DR 3/4 positive subjects are highly associated with IDDM; and 2) there is no significant association of DR 3/4 with NIDDM, MODY and other non-diabetic diseases.
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PMID:Assessment of the association of HLA-DR 3/4 heterozygotes with diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic diseases. 136 26

Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B (HB) virus occurs if the mother has had acute HB infection during late pregnancy or in the first months postpartum, or if the mother is a chronic HB antigen carrier. Vertical transmission from chronic carriers exceeds 90% and accounts for up to 40% of the world chronic carriers in endemic areas. Hepatitis in pregnancy is not associated with increased abortion rate, stillbirth, or congenital malformation. However, prematurity seems to be increased if hepatitis is acquired in the last trimester. Sixty percent of pregnant women who acquire acute HB infections at or near delivery will transmit the HB virus to their offspring. Although infection is rarely symptomatic, 70 to 90% of the babies will remain chronically infected into adult life and be prone to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of such high risks and the safety and efficacy (seroconversion 90 to 100%) of HB vaccine in preventing HB infection, it is recommended that HB vaccine be given to pregnant women at high risk. However, its safety to the fetus is not well documented. Only one human study reports the safety and efficacy of Heptavax, but only when administered (to 72 pregnant women) in the last trimester of pregnancy when embryopathy cannot occur. We report pregnancy outcome in ten women, mostly health care personnel or patients traveling to endemic areas exposed to the vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy. No congenital abnormalities were observed and all the infants are physically and developmentally normal for their ages at 2 to 12 months. Although small, this cohort suggests safe use of the vaccine in early pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: maternal and fetal safety. 182 84

During the last decade, tremendous changes have occurred in health status and patterns of health care in Singapore. These changes have presented great opportunities for the Department of Social Medicine and Public Health to conduct research into a wide variety of topics of vital interest to community health. Subjects studied include health problems of urbanization, especially those related to industrial health, highrise living, and traffic accidents; health consequences of changing lifestyles particularly those related to smoking and alcohol; the changing epidemiology of communicable and noncommunicable diseases, particularly those related to smoking and alcohol; the changing epidemiology of communicable and noncommunicable diseases, particularly those relating to hypertension, cancer, tuberculosis and venereal diseases; new aspects of health care delivery especially those pertaining to the aged; Chinese medicines and primary health care; health education techniques and priorities, with special respect to teachers, mothers, and workers, and road users; and medical problems and social changes, including the erosion of the extended family system and the wider practice of abortion. The enormous coverage of research activities carried out by the department is seen in the publication figures by staff and postgraduate students of our department (1970, 5; 1971, 6; 1972, 7; 1973, 23; 1974, 24; 1975, 29; 1976, 28; 1977, 18; 1978, 14; 1979, 23). It is obvious therefore that in this short paper we can only hope to select some research projects for discussion. Among ongoing major projects which did not receive mention in the text of this paper are the Study of Occupational Health Hazards of Firemen, the Prospective Cohort Study on the relationship of Hepatitis B Carrier Status and the development of Hepatoma, a study of transplacental passage of lead and problems of Child Rearing in Highrise Apartments.
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PMID:Changing patterns of community health university research in Singapore during 1970-1979. 744 75

1. The major biological and pharmacological activities of trichosanthin (TCS) were retained after its covalent coupling to dextran T40. The potency and toxicity was generally reduced. 2. A dose of TCS as low as 0.02 mg/25 g induced 100% mid-term abortion whereas 20 times as much dextran-trichosanthin (DX-TCS) is required to produce the same effect. 3. A third of the mice died at a TCS dose of 0.1 mg/25 g but 4 times as much DX-TCS did not cause any death. 4. DX-TCS suppressed Con A or PHA induced lymphocyte transformation in a dose dependent manner. The potency was decreased as compared to TCS. 5. Both TCS and DX-TCS exhibited a cytostatic effect on cultured tumour cells (PU5 and hepatoma), the former being more potent.
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PMID:The biological activities of trichosanthin after coupling to dextran. 769

Despite initial controversy, RU-486 has been used by more than 100,000 European women since 1988 to induce abortion. In July 1992, debate over the drug was initiated in the US when a supply intended for the personal use of a pregnant woman was confiscated at Customs. The drug's developer, Roussal-Uclaf refused to license RU-486 in the US until President Clinton ordered his administration to promote the testing, licensing, and manufacture of RU-486. Now the US Population Council holds the US license. RU-486 works by preventing implantation and blocking progesterone receptors in the endometrium. When used alone, it has a 65-95% effectiveness rate which is improved to 95% when used in combination with a prostaglandin. As well as being effective in ending early pregnancy, RU-486 holds promise in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, of estrogen-dependent carcinomas of the breast and endometrium, of open angle glaucoma, hepatoma, meningioma, known fetal demise, endometriosis, and for postcoital contraception. It does not disrupt ectopic pregnancies. Patients must be educated to decide whether to undergo a surgical or medical abortion using RU-486. This education must include information on the physical effects and possible adverse effects of each procedure. In general, patients who have undergone medical abortion have been satisfied with their decisions, in part, because they have control over some aspects of their care and because the medical abortion is noninvasive. Clinical trials to determine the ratio of risks to benefits with RU-486 began in the US in mid-1994 and will address patient compliance with return visits among other issues. While the debate over abortion continues, it is well to remember that once a woman has decided to have an abortion, the only remaining issue is which method will she choose.
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PMID:RU 486: an alternative to surgical abortion. 774 83

UNICEF decided to achieve the 1977 World Health Organization objective Health For All By The Year 2000 through primary health care, utilizing growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast-feeding, immunization, family planning, and education of women. Since the 1960s BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccination, DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) and OPV (oral polio vaccine) have been available in Sri Lanka. The expanded program of immunization has almost eliminated diphtheria, pertussis, neonatal tetanus, and poliomyelitis. Tuberculous meningitis, bone and joint tuberculosis, measles, and miliary tuberculosis have become very rare. Among other vaccine-preventable diseases, mumps is the commonest cause of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in children. Maternal rubella in the first trimester causes abortion or gross teratogenic effects including congenital heart disease. Safe vaccines may be used to prevent mumps and rubella. In recent years there has been a resurgence of measles in North America among school children, and presently a 2nd dose of vaccine is recommended for children. Japanese B encephalitis has a mortality rate of over 30% and half the survivors have residual brain damage. The Ministry of Health has immunized susceptible children in some of the prevalent areas. This vaccine also gives partial protection against dengue hemorrhagic fever. In Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan hepatitis B vaccine is part of the national immunization schedule because of the common occurrence of primary hepatoma of the liver. At present this vaccine is recommended for health workers in Sri Lanka. Meningococcal meningitis occurs in some Middle East countries such as Saudi Arabia, thus Haj pilgrims are advised to be vaccinated against it before the pilgrimage. In Sri Lanka beta-thalassemia major is prevalent, and as most of these patients are subjected to splenectomy, pneumococcal vaccine should be given to them. Currently research work is being carried out for development of vaccines against rotavirus, streptococcal, and hepatitis A infection.
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PMID:Improving child survival through immunisation. 814 30

Coffee is a complex mixture of chemicals that provides significant amounts of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Unfiltered coffee is a significant source of cafestol and kahweol, which are diterpenes that have been implicated in the cholesterol-raising effects of coffee. The results of epidemiological research suggest that coffee consumption may help prevent several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease and liver disease (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). Most prospective cohort studies have not found coffee consumption to be associated with significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk. However, coffee consumption is associated with increases in several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including blood pressure and plasma homocysteine. At present, there is little evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of cancer. For adults consuming moderate amounts of coffee (3-4 cups/d providing 300-400 mg/d of caffeine), there is little evidence of health risks and some evidence of health benefits. However, some groups, including people with hypertension, children, adolescents, and the elderly, may be more vulnerable to the adverse effects of caffeine. In addition, currently available evidence suggests that it may be prudent for pregnant women to limit coffee consumption to 3 cups/d providing no more than 300 mg/d of caffeine to exclude any increased probability of spontaneous abortion or impaired fetal growth.
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PMID:Coffee and health: a review of recent human research. 1650 75

Recently, a 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (+14 bp/-14 bp) in exon 8 of the human leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) gene has been widely recognized to associate with recurrent miscarriage, autoimmune diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma and other diseases. Our previous studies have shown the distribution characteristics of linguistic family for HLA-G 14 bp insertion/deletion in different ethnic groups. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of HLA-G 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and their subsequent associations with HLA-A alleles in Tu, Yugu, Lisu and Nu ethnic populations based upon the HLA-A genotyping data. Our results showed that the frequencies of the 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism were diverse in these four populations while that in the same linguistic subfamily was similar. The significant difference in different linguistic subfamily except for Han and Mongolian language subfamily was identified. In addition, the 14 bp insertion was found to associate with HLA-A alleles in different ethnic populations.
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PMID:[Distribution of HLA-G 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and their associations with HLA-A alleles in four Chinese ethnic groups]. 2344 28

Accumulating evidence shows an association between deregulation of miRNAs and exposure to environmental chemicals; miRNAs play a unique regulatory role in gene expression. Among environmental pollutants, dioxins are a family of compounds that are known to have multiple hazardous effects. Also, in utero exposure of the fetus to dioxins has been shown to cause impaired psychomotor development, decreased immune function and skin disease. miR-191 is a microRNA that has been found to be up-regulated by dioxin in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. Our study provides the first molecular evidence in vivo of a positive relationship between levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and miR-191 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. miR-191 expression was significantly correlated with blood concentrations of total PCB and, in particular, of 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 169, a coplanar congener). Blood concentrations of PCB 169 correlated significantly with miR-191 expression in pregnant women living in a PCB-polluted area, who underwent therapeutic abortion due to fetal malformations. These data suggest that miRNAs could be potential biomarkers to clarify the mechanisms of environmental disease.
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PMID:Association between exposure to dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and miR-191 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 2350 Jun 61


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