Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In an endemic area of Costa Rica nonparenteral type B hepatitis occurs at a yearly rate of 160/100,000, in an endemoepidemic pattern with periodic localized outbreaks. In a recent episode in the village of San Rafael, 23 clinical and 67 subclinical cases, all subtype adw, originated from two carriers living in opposite ends of the village. Contact transmission was identified as the mode of spread. In a coincidental outbreak in another village, San Juan, 17 clinical and 40 subclinical cases were observed. Thirty-seven cases of HBs Ag/ayw positive hepatitis occurred in the Western sector of the village, apparently originating from contact with three HBs Ag/ayw carriers found in that area. There were also 20 cases of HBs Ag/adw positive hepatitis, but these occurred almost exclusively in the Eastern sector, where subtype adw disease has been prevalent in previous years. The geographic distribution of antibody subtypes found in the two separated sectors of the village coincided fully with that of the antigen subtypes. These observations show that personal contact is definitely a mode of transmission of hepatitis B.
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PMID:Endemoepidemic non-parenteral type B hepatitis in Costa Rica. 123 72

The origin of the word condom is the subject of some debate, but the use of a linen sheath as a preventive measure for venereal disease was noted in the writings of Fallopius in 1564. In recent years condom sales have increased, and in a sample of San Francisco male homosexuals consistent condom use was reported to have increased from 26% to 79% between 1984 and 1987. Condom sales in drugstores increased by over 20% from 1986 to 1987, with women being responsible for an estimated 40-50% of US purchases. Studies suggest a failure rate of 2-15/100 couples using condoms. Failure rates for 1st-year users average about 12%, but consistent and correct condom use theoretically results in approximately a 2% failure rate. Mean breakage rates ranging from 0% to 13% have been reported. Both epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that latex condoms are effective mechanical barriers to important viral transmissions including HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), as well as bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea. Condoms are safe to use, particularly in view of the fact that AIDS is now 1 of the 5 leading causes of death for women ages 15-44. An important contraindication, however, is the presence of latex allergy, potentially leading to contact urticaria or manifestations of anaphylaxis. The female condom shows promise for placing personal protection increasingly under the control of women. Condom promotion in the US with education at both public and individual levels could emulate developed and developing countries that have promoted condom use with marketing and mass-media techniques, as well conspicuous and aggressive distribution methods. Nursing is involved in program efforts aimed at enhancing condom use and nurses can be effective in encouraging clients to use condoms to protect themselves.
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PMID:Condoms as primary prevention in sexually active women. 140 10

Qualitative and quantitative methods were combined to evaluate the process and outcome of an AIDS prevention program for sex workers in the San Francisco Bay area. 182 women and 43 of their male, noncommercial, steady partners participated in the study over the period July 1, 1989 - June 30, 1990. Mean age was 30 years, 74.2% of women were Black, 16.5% White, and 5.5% Latina. Data were collected for health status, sexual activity, drug use, and serological status for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. Open-ended interviews were conducted and ethnographic field notes taken. The study revealed that while sex workers may fell at risk for HIV and AIDS, perceived risk stems mostly from sex with clients and not from husbands or boyfriends. Condoms are used in this sample far more frequently with clients than with steady partners. Efforts should therefore be made to increase condom use among steady partners. The study also found former sex worker field staff indigenous to the neighborhood and population to be highly effective in recruiting participants and disseminating information. Moreover, these workers became role models for positive behavior change. Combining evaluative approaches proved more effective in determining how to best reach sex workers regarding AIDS risk reduction messages than could either approach independently.
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PMID:Hey girlfriend: an evaluation of AIDS prevention among women in the sex industry. 156 72

On June 13, 1991, President George Bush announced in a White House ceremony a local planning effort to break down barriers and provide better access to immunization in six representative localities "to solve the problem of late immunization." (children need to be immunized appropriately by their second birthday, not just in time for school.). The community "Immunization Action Plans" (IAP) are one of several Federal, State, and local responses to an outbreak of measles that produced 27,600 cases and 89 deaths in 1990. The community effort and subsequent early childhood immunization plans around the country are also part of a much broader effort initiated by Secretary Sullivan as a Healthy People Year 2000 goal to increase immunization levels to at least 90 percent for the nation's children by their second birthday. These efforts also respond to 13 recommendations for improving immunization availability made by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee in January 1991. The recommendations focused on improvements in the management of immunization delivery and in methods for measuring immunization status, increasing appropriate consumer demand, and other prevention needs. Although measles prompted the action, the immunization initiative is aimed also at eight other communicable childhood diseases--diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis or whooping cough, poliomyelitis, mumps, rubella, and Haemophilus influenza type b that causes bacterial meningitis, and hepatitis B. Details are described of the immunization action plans developed by Dallas, TX; Maricopa County (Phoenix), AZ; South Dakota; Detroit, MI; San Diego, CA; and Philadelphia, PA, to ensure that children are fully immunized not just by the time they enter school but by age 2 years. The six were chosen by the Centers for Disease Control as representative of many without adequate childhood immunization coverage.
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PMID:Six areas lead national early immunization drive. 159 33

Being a health care worker in today's world is not without risks. Accidental exposure to blood carries with it a definite risk of transmission of infection by various bloodborne pathogens, especially the hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency viruses. While infectious disease specialists, hospital epidemiologists, and infection control clinicians can develop many important strategies to reduce this risk--aggressive training, utilization of safer needles, identification of high-risk activities, and efficient disposal systems--their overriding responsibility is to design and implement a comprehensive plan for expeditiously and effectively dealing with accidental exposures when they occur. Among other things, the plan must address a number of key issues, including testing, administering postexposure prophylaxis, providing short- and long-term follow-up care, and, particularly, counseling for helping the health care worker deal with the tremendous anxiety associated with the injury. Drs. Julie L. Gerberding of the University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco General Hospital and David K. Henderson of the National Institutes of Health and the Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center have both made significant contributions in this area; in this month's AIDS Commentary they discuss the essential elements of such a plan.
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PMID:Management of occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. 768 Feb 38

The Body Substance Isolation (BSI) system was implemented at the University of California San Diego Medical Center in May 1987. About 2 years later, an evaluation was done of the long-term effects of BSI education and training on the knowledge, attitudes, and reported behaviors of nursing personnel. In June 1989, a questionnaire was sent to 600 nursing personnel, including all 100 nurses in the 20-bed surgical intensive care unit, all 66 charge nurses, and a random sample (434) of the remaining nursing staff (about 1000). Results from the 190 respondents (a response rate of 32%) indicated an understanding of the two purposes of BSI: (1) to reduce nosocomial infection risks to patients and (2) to reduce health care workers' risks of acquiring infections from patients. Over half of the respondents reported handling more than 11 needles per day and nearly half reported recapping contaminated needles two-handed "sometimes or often." Only 54% of the respondents reported they had received hepatitis B vaccine. Although more than two-thirds of the respondents had worked at the University of California San Diego Medical Center during the entire BSI system training, implementation, and follow-up period, there is still room for improvement in knowledge and use of the system, including issues related to the safe handling of sharps.
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PMID:A survey of nurses' knowledge, opinions, and reported uses of the Body Substance Isolation system. 176 22

Hepatitis B is a cause of disability and death worldwide, with high rates of perinatal transmission in third world countries, including those of Indochina. Prevention of transmission by active and passive immunization has been available since 1982. This study looked at the serological response of Indo-Chinese refugees to these products in an outpatient primary care clinic and at the compliance problems found in this setting. The carrier rate of all patients screened was 81/446 (18.5%), with 37/233 (15.8%) of prenatal patients as carriers. Newborns whose mothers were carriers were started on an immunization program. The combination of HBIG and vaccine was more than 90% effective in inducing immunity and preventing the carrier state; only two children of the 26 studied who received both active and passive immunization became carriers. Both failures were in children of HBeAg positive mothers. In contrast, those children exposed who had not received treatment (because of birth prior to 1982) had a 33% carrier rate. This success rate was found despite compliance problems in completing the immunizations on schedule. Only 23% of children received their vaccine within four weeks of the recommended schedule, with a mean delay of 1.3 months. Of the 79 children beginning immunizations, 11 moved before completion. All children remaining in San Diego completed the regimen. Thus, the benefits of giving the passive and active immunization to infants of hepatitis B carriers were clear. However, compliance problems jeopardize the effectiveness of a hepatitis B immunization program in this population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Prevention of hepatitis B transmission in Indo-Chinese refugees with active and passive immunization. 183 Oct 31

Sixty-four out of 189 jaundiced patients at San Lazaro Hospital were defined as acute viral hepatitis cases. Of this number, 22 (34.4%) were positive for hepatitis A markers while 26 (40.6%) were positive for hepatitis B markers. Hepatitis D infection accounted for 1.6%, while non-A, non-B hepatitis accounted for 21.9%.
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PMID:Serologic classification of acute viral hepatitis at San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Philippines. 216 52

We identified 277 homosexual and bisexual men diagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) whose estimated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion dates, ranging from 1977-85, could be well approximated. These men were from a cohort of 6,705 homosexual and bisexual men originally recruited for studies of sexually transmitted hepatitis B in San Francisco in 1978-80. We compared the time from HIV seroconversion to the initial disease diagnostic of AIDS (AIDS latency period) with the time from first AIDS diagnosis to death (AIDS survival time) and found no significant overall correlation between latency period and survival time. Both Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard stepwise analyses found the initial AIDS diagnosis to be significantly associated with latency period, with individuals first diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) having a shorter latency but longer survival than those first diagnosed with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) or other AIDS diagnoses. Individuals with KS tended to be diagnosed earlier in the epidemic compared to those with PCP and other non-KS diagnoses. The AIDS survival time was significantly associated with the initial AIDS diagnosis but not with the estimated year of seroconversion, the year of first AIDS diagnosis, age at seroconversion, or racial/ethnic group. The information presented here on the relationship between the AIDS latency period and survival times suggests a model for the pathogenesis of HIV infection in which there is continual deterioration of the immune system. The wider use of antiviral and prophylactic therapies both preceding and following a diagnosis of AIDS may change this model as both latency and survival times are improved.
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PMID:Relationship between AIDS latency period and AIDS survival time in homosexual and bisexual men. 221 8

OBJECTIVE--To characterise the natural history of sexually transmitted HIV-I infection in homosexual and bisexual men. DESIGN--Cohort study. SETTING--San Francisco municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic. PATIENTS--Cohort included 6705 homosexual and bisexual men originally recruited from 1978 to 1980 for studies of sexually transmitted hepatitis B. This analysis is of 489 cohort members who were either HIV-I seropositive on entry into the cohort (n = 312) or seroconverted during the study period and had less than or equal to 24 months between the dates of their last seronegative and first seropositive specimens (n = 177). A subset of 442 of these men was examined in 1988 or 1989 or had been reported to have developed AIDS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Development of clinical signs and symptoms of HIV-I infection, including AIDS, AIDS related complex, asymptomatic generalised lymphadenopathy, and no signs or symptoms of infection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Of the 422 men examined in 1988 or 1989 or reported as having AIDS, 341 had been infected from 1977 to 1980; 49% (167) of these men had died of AIDS, 10% (34) were alive with AIDS, 19% (65) had AIDS related complex, 3% (10) had asymptomatic generalised lymphadenopathy, and 19% (34) had no clinical signs or symptoms of HIV-I infection. Cumulative risk of AIDS by duration of HIV-I infection was analysed for all 489 men by the Kaplan-Meier method. Of these 489 men, 226 (46%) had been diagnosed as having AIDS. We estimated that 13% of cohort members will have developed AIDS within five years of seroconversion, 51% within 10 years, and 54% within 11.1 years. CONCLUSION--Our analysis confirming the importance of duration of infection to clinical state and the high risk of AIDS after infection underscores the importance of continuing efforts both to prevent transmission of HIV-I and to develop further treatments to slow or stall the progression of HIV-I infection to AIDS.
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PMID:Course of HIV-I infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: an 11 year follow up study. 226 54


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