Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several studies have examined the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a trauma population. To our knowledge, no one has reported on the prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV). We prospectively studied the prevalence of HCV, as well as HBV, HIV, and syphilis in our adult regional level I trauma center population. Two hundred eighty-six consecutive trauma patients were tested for previous exposure to HCV using an anti-HCV mAb ELISA. Patients were also tested for exposure to HBV, HIV, and syphilis, and for illicit drug use. All rho values were calculated using Yates' corrected chi 2 or Student's t test. Twenty-two patients (7.7%) were found to have anti-HCV antibodies, five patients (1.7%) had active HBV, nine patients (3.2%) had HIV, and 16 patients (6%) were positive by RPR. Four (18%) of the patients seropositive for HCV tested positive for HBV, HIV, or syphilis as well. The HIV-positive patients were more likely than the HIV-negative patients to be HCV positive (rho = 0.018). Nine of the HCV seropositive patients (41%) tested positive for cocaine use. Cocaine users were more likely than nonusers to be HCV positive (rho = 0.0007). We have demonstrated the prevalence of HCV in our trauma population to be high (7.7%). It is well known that HCV has a high rate of chronicity, thus up to 90% of these patients are carriers and represent a substantial risk to health care workers. The two significant risk factors, HIV status and cocaine use, are difficult to elicit in the acute setting, reinforcing the need for adhering to universal precautions.
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PMID:The prevalence of hepatitis C in a regional level I trauma center population. 132 15

Development of a serologic test which detects antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) allowed us to compare the seroprevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B in 493 persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These persons, none of whom are hemophiliacs, are part of the US Air Force HIV Natural History Study. We found that Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) was far more prevalent (59%) than anti-HCV (8%). Anti-HBc prevalence was not different between those with and those without anti-HCV, being present in the majority of persons in both groups. In addition, we compared anti-HCV+ and anti-HCV negative persons in terms of syphilis serologies (Reactive Plasma Reagent [RPR] and Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption [FTA-ABS]), hepatic transaminase levels, and racial composition. In this cohort, we found that anti-HCV+ persons are significantly more likely to have a positive RPR but not FTA-ABS, increased hepatic transaminase levels, and to be Black rather than Caucasian.
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PMID:Hepatitis C antibody in a non-hemophiliac cohort infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 212 29

The prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B infection were studied in 354 non-drug abusing female prostitutes and 360 female controls in Tijuana, Mexico. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was found in the same percentage (0.8%) of prostitutes and controls. In contrast, antibody markers (anti-HBs or anti-HBc) were found in a significantly higher percentage of prostitutes than controls (8.2% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.0006). Prostitutes also had a higher prevalence of a positive RPR/FTA-ABS test for syphilis (p less than 0.0001). There was a significant association between the presence of hepatitis B markers and positive syphilis serology and a history of having had a STD. In this non-drug abusing population, prostitution was found to be a risk factor for total hepatitis B infection but not for surface antigenemia. Further studies are indicated to determine the incidence of chronic infection in adult women following sexual transmission of hepatitis B.
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PMID:Hepatitis B infection in a non-drug abusing prostitute population in Mexico. 225 60

A seroepidemiological study was performed on HTLV-III, T. pallidum, C. trachomatis and Hepatitis B virus (HBV), in Butare, Rwanda, among 33 female prostitutes, 25 male customers of prostitutes, and 60 male and female controls. As compared with female controls the prostitutes had a higher prevalence of antibodies to HTLV-III (29/33 versus 4/33, p less than 0.001), T. pallidum (TPHA: 27/33 versus 6/33, p less than 0.001; RPR: 19/33 versus 2/33, p less than 0.001; FTA-Abs: 27/33 versus 5/33, p less than 0.001) and C. trachomatis (IgG IF: 31/33 versus 13/33, p less than 0.001). HBV serological markers were more often detected in the prostitutes than in the female controls (31/33 versus 18/33, p less than 0.001) although HBs antigen carriage rate was similar in both groups. As compared with male controls, the male customers of prostitutes had more frequently detectable antibodies to HTLV-III (7/25 versus 2/27, p = 0.05), and a positive RPR (10/25 versus 1/27, p less than 0.01). Among the 118 individuals studied, odds ratios and trend analysis disclosed a significant association between HTLV-III seropositivity and a positive TPHA, RPR, FTA-Abs, Chlamydia IgG IF test and serological markers to HBV. No association was found between HTLV-III seropositivity and HBs Ag carriage. This study suggests that HTLV-III has to be considered as an infectious agent transmitted among promiscuous Central African heterosexuals by sexual contact and/or parenteral contact with unsterile needles used for STD treatments.
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PMID:Seroepidemiological study on sexually transmitted diseases and hepatitis B in African promiscuous heterosexuals in relation to HTLV-III infection. 355 10

The purpose of this project is to assess the prevalence of serologic markers for transfusion transmitted infectious disease in allogeneic blood donors of the American Red Cross Blood Services (ARCBS) in Puerto Rico. Four hundred records were randomly selected from a population of 7718 first time volunteer donors from the ARCBS in P.R. covering the period from Jan. 1st to Jun. 30th, 1991. Variables obtained were: age, sex, presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B anti-core antibody (anti-HBc), hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV), HIV 1/2 antibody, HTLV I/II antibody, RPR reactivity and ALT. The prevalence of serologic markers in our study is consistently higher than that found in similar studies in the U.S. population, except for HBsAg and HCV. This could be explained with the use of data from only first time volunteer donors since the prevalence is higher in this group than in repeat donors. None of the donors in this sample were positive for HBsAg probably due to the small sample. The prevalence of anti-HCV in this study is within the values found for the U.S. population.
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PMID:Evaluation of serologic markers for transfusion transmitted infectious diseases for allogeneic blood donors in Puerto Rico. 943 63

Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the most significant risk factors for viral hepatitis (B, D and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, there is little information about the risk of infection among non-injection drug users (non-IDUs). The present study was designed to perform several objectives: (a) to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B, D, C virus and HIV in IDU and non-IDU patients; (b) to compare the prevalence of these markers between both groups; (c) to identify risk factors for HCV and HIV in this population; and (d) to correlate the presence of HCV and liver function. A total of 385 consecutive patients (122 IDUs and 263 non-IDUs), admitted to the Drug Dependency Treatment Unit at the Hospital Insular of Gran Canaria between 1993 to 1994, were included in the study. The serological markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV were determined by ELISA and immunoblot methods. In all cases we also measured syphilis tests (RPR and FTAabs), serum aminotransferases and serum gammaglutamiltranspeptidase. Compared to the non-IDU, the IDU group presents a higher prevalence of antiHBc (55.0% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.0001), antiHCV (87.6% vs. 35.3%, p < 0.0001) and antiHIV (21.8% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in RPR positivity (0.9% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.06). Delta infection was only detected in injection drug users, and the prevalence was low. Using logistic regression, the only risk factors associated with antiHCV positivity were injection drug addiction (OR: 9.2, 95% CI: 4.9-17.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.0-9.9). Similarly, the associated risk factors for HIV were injection drug addiction (OR: 5.9, 95% CI: 2.3-15.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.5-9.2). However, no correlation was found between antiHCV positive and antiHIV or between these markers and RPR positivity. Patients positive for antiHCV showed significant elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, when compared with patients negative for antiHCV: 65.0 vs. 39.2 U/l (p < 0.001) and 88.4 vs. 40.3 U/l (p < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that drug users have an elevated prevalence of HCV, HBV and HIV infection, even if drug use is only inhalated. On the other hand, the main risk factors associated with HCV and HIV are injection drug addiction and exposure to hepatitis B virus. Finally, in the study population, liver dysfunction is closely related to HCV infection.
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PMID:Prevalence of serologic markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV in non-injection drug users compared to injection drug users in Gran Canaria, Spain. 979 22

The serological status of Solomon Island blood donors in 1995 and in particular the seroprevalence of antibodies to Hepatitis B and C and prevalence of risk factors for these chronic infections was studied. A questionnaire of risk factors for Hepatitis B and C was undertaken. All blood donors had been previously screened for HIV antibody without any positive cases recorded. 598 donors had serum collected of which 36 samples (6.0%) were third generation HCV EIA antibody positive and 3 samples were RIBA positive but none were PCR positive. 25.1% of samples were positive for HBsAg and anti-HBc antibody was found in 84.4%. Elevated ALT levels (>35 U/l) were found in 6.5% of samples but there was no statistically significant association with HCV or HBsAg status. 15.4% were TPHA positive and 5.4% had RPR titers more than or equal to 1. Anti-HTLV-1 antibody was positive in 12.3% randomly selected samples. All 10 positive samples were then found to be antibody indeterminate with Western blot assay. Of the 585 samples with completed questionnaires, analysis of the relationship between anti-HCV status with tattoo status and ear piercing also failed to reach statistical significance. Consistent with other studies from tropical malaria-prone countries, a positive anti-HCV antibody test even by the third generation EIA is probably a false positive test in most cases. In addition, high prevalence rates of HBV, yaws or syphilis infection were demonstrated.
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PMID:The serological status of Solomon Island blood donors. 1077 66

Qolohe and colleagues conducted a study at a hospital in Natal, South Africa to assess the prevalence of syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in umbilical cord blood samples at the time of delivery, and to determine the seroconversion rates of syphilis and HIV infections from initial visit to delivery. 418 women were enrolled; 39 (9.3%) had reactive syphilis serology (RPR positive, TPHA positive) at delivery. 9 of the 329 booked women who were initially seronegative for syphilis seroconverted at delivery (a seroconversion rate of 2.7%). The seroprevalence rate was significantly higher for the unbooked group of women (18.2%) than for the booked group of women (8.4%). 18 women with reactive sera at the initial visit became nonreactive after 4-17 weeks. Another 50 patients showed evidence of past treponemal infection (RPR negative, TPHA positive). Overall, 32 (7.2% of 418) women were positive for HIV at delivery. 4 of the 178 (2.2%) in the booked group seroconverted. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 2 women. In view of these findings, the authors recommend screening for syphilis and HIV at the time of delivery in the Natal-Kwazulu region where these diseases are endemic. Since congenital syphilis is preventable with treatment, and knowledge of HIV status affects counseling about safe sex practices, pregnancy termination, follow-up care of the infant, and breast feeding, this author recommends screening for syphilis and HIV during pregnancy and at delivery in areas of high prevalence of these two diseases.
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PMID:Screening for syphilis, HIV and HBV at delivery. 1231 50

Much attention has recently been given to the serious health implications of AIDS, hepatitis B infection and the human papillomavirus. In spite of these, syphilis/gonorrhea are still the most common of the "old" sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and syphilis is, with the exception of AIDS, the STD with potentially the most destructive sequelae. Recent observations indicate that syphilis may be an important cofactor in facilitating transmission of HIV. A history of syphilis or a positive serologic test for syphilis is associated with HIV seropositivity in men. Although the incidence of syphilis in the UK is 1 of the lowest in the world, syphilis is increased in most countries. In several areas of the US there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of syphilis and in some first-world areas congenital syphilis is now considered epidemic. Syphilis is considerably more common in Africa than in Europe/US. Syphilis is also prevalent in most developing countries. The worldwide resurgence of syphilis has a serious implication on neonatal morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of syphilis in men attending and infertility clinic. Blood samples from 782 males were screened using the titrated RPR/TPHA tests. If either of these tests was positive, FTA-Abs IgG was performed. The RPR was positive in 63 (8%) cases. In 24 (3%) patients the titer was or= 1/8 with positive TPHA and FTA-Abs IgG tests and these were regarded as current infections. 39 (5%) cases had RPR titers 1/8 with positive specific tests (Table 1). These were probably patients either treated inadequately, or in the early stage of primary syphilis. In addition 92 (2%) patients were RPR negative but TPHA and FTA positive. This was evidence of previous exposure to syphilis. The overall seropositivity in this group was 20% (155 cases). 627 (80%) tested negative with RPR and TPHA. Syphilis may still have a major impact on health in Southern Africa. Since syphilis is significantly associated with HIV seropositivity, efforts to prevent and control syphilis may also be important in limiting HIV spread. The 3-8% incidence of active disease among an asymptomatic group of men, referred for evaluation of infertility underlines the statement that "serologic screening should be done at the least indication". A community-based program with continuous adequate screening and treatment would be of great help. While the absolute yield for such screening may be low, the potential for reducing the morbidity and mortality of congenital syphilis is great. (full text)
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PMID:Syphilis serology in men at an andrology clinic in South Africa. 1234 7

The objective of the study was to determine the community prevalence of genital syndromes in women and evaluate the syndromic management of vaginal discharge in this setting. A representative sample for the state of Tamilnadu was chosen using probability proportional to size cluster technique. Thirty clusters were selected from three districts. Demographic, sexual behaviour, risk factors, clinical and laboratory data were collected from the selected population using a structured questionnaire. Direct smear examination for Trichomonas vaginalis, culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi, serological tests for syphilis (RPR and TPHA), hepatitis B (Hbs Ag ELISA), IgM and IgG antibodies to HSV2 (Novum diagnostics, Germany) and PCR test for detection of C. trachomatis from urine were done. There were 1157 women in the selected population. On examination, vaginal discharge was the most common genital syndrome (38.4%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of vaginal discharge as a marker for STD in women was found to be 43.3%, 61.6%, 10.7% and 91.1%, respectively. We concluded that treatment on the basis of syndromic management would result in over-treatment of 90% of women with vaginal discharge.
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PMID:Genital syndromes and syndromic management of vaginal discharge in a community setting. 1518 79


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