Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three kinds of virus hepatitis are recognized today: hepatitis A, B, and "non A-nonB". Hepatitis A is transmitted mainly by the anal-oral route, hepatitis B and probably also the third form of hepatitis principally by direct inoculation or close physical contact. Normal human immune serum globulin protects against hepatitis A, but only gives limited protection against hepatitis B and "non A-non B" hepatitis. Special immune serum globulin provides better protection but it is only available in small quantities and should be reserved for direct inoculation only. Vaccines for active immunization against hepatitis A and "non A- non B" hepatitis have not yet been developed and active immunization against hepatitis B with HBs-Ag is still in the experimental stage.
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PMID:[Hepatitis: an international problem (author's transl)]. 6 Jun 98

The aim of screening for infectious diseases in pregnancy is to identify subjects who are at risk of a specific infection, which lends itself to effective intervention. The value of routine screening is determined by the validity of the test and the prevalence of the disorder in the population. During pregnancy, serological screening for rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, HIV, hepatitis B and bacteriological screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria and gonorrhea is recommended. The search for additional infections is reserved for patients presenting special risk factors or clinical symptoms.
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PMID:[Infection screening in pregnancy]. 176 Dec 41

Periarteritis nodosa is a necrotizing vasculitis which, in more than one-third of the cases, is consecutive to an hepatitis B virus infection. This aetiological form is usually characterized by the absence of respiratory manifestations and by a greater frequency of hepatic cytolysis. In terms of survival, its prognosis is similar to that of other forms, but a persistent viral replication facilitates the subsequent development of chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis. Its modern treatment consists of a short course of corticosteroids combined with antiviral agent and plasma exchanges. Long-term corticosteroid therapy and immunodepressants are reserved for cases where the above-mentioned treatment has failed. This therapeutic approach results in a survival rate of 80 p. 100 at 4 years.
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PMID:[Periarteritis nodosa linked to the hepatitis B virus]. 257 40

Hepatitis B represents a serious public health problem in all parts of the world, and particularly in hyperendemic areas, where the majority of infections occur in childhood. As this infection in early life leads frequently to chronic infection, the prevalence rates of long-term sequelae, such as chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis, are high. In addition, recent epidemiological, virological and molecular biological studies have provided evidence that persistent or past infection with hepatitis B virus plays an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although environmental control and the use of passive immunization have proved useful in reducing hepatitis B infections, the most important method of achieving widespread prevention of hepatitis B and its chronic sequelae is active immunization. Vaccines containing purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been prepared and shown to be both highly immunogenic and efficacious. Depending on the different geographical patterns of hepatitis B prevalence and the availability of vaccine, a variety of vaccination strategies have been proposed ranging from limited to large-scale vaccine administration. Targeted vaccination of selected high-risk groups, including infants of HBsAg-carrier mothers, might be reserved for areas of low prevalence of infection, while large-scale vaccination should be considered for intermediate- and high-endemicity areas. In the latter case, effective control of hepatitis B could be achieved when sufficiently large population groups can be immunized prior to exposure, e.g., during infancy or early childhood. The prerequisite for large-scale vaccination campaigns is the production of large quantities of low-cost vaccine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Strategies for prevention and control of hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. 610 Feb 74

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used for diagnosis of HCV infection and evaluation of therapy. The sensitive hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA PCR is often reserved for detection of quantities of HBV DNA that are insufficient for hybridization. Application of both PCR techniques is limited by their labor-intensity, potential for contamination, and substantial time required for analysis. To study HCV and HBV infections, occurring alone or in combination, we developed a combined one-step PCR method to detect HCV RNA and HBV DNA in a single serum specimen using oligoprimers from the HCV 5' untranslated region and the HBV preS/S region. Specificity of the HBV and HCV PCR products was confirmed on the basis of their molecular sizes in positive samples, Southern blot hybridization, and negative controls. The sensitivities of the combined PCR were assessed using samples containing a wide range of defined amounts of HBV DNA and HCV RNA and were comparable with those obtained with conventional HBV DNA or HCV RNA PCR methods. The sensitivity of the combined method was further validated by the 100% concordance between results of its HBV and HCV components and those of conventional PCR methods in patients with HBV and/or HCV infections. The combined one-step HBV/HCV PCR is a sensitive, specific, rapid, and cost-effective method, especially suited for epidemiological screening and clinical diagnosis of HBV and HCV infections occurring alone or in combination.
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PMID:Simultaneous detection of both hepatitis B virus DNA and hepatitis C virus RNA using a combined one-step polymerase chain reaction technique. 770 99

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the seventh most common cancer in men and the ninth most common cancer in women with 500,000 to 1,000,000 new cases per year. Several risk factors (sex hormones, alcohol, thorotrast, aflatoxin B1, hepatitis B or C, haemochromatosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, tyrosinemia, porphyria cutanea tarda, acute intermittent porphyria, Wilson's disease) associated with the development of HCC have been identified from epidemiological studies. The diagnosis is usually based on a combination of clinical and laboratory findings together with radiographic and histopathologic characteristics. HCC remains difficult to treat with a median survival of 3 to 6 months after the onset of symptoms. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for HCC. Transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection have been used but neither therapy has been evaluated in a prospective randomized study. Combination treatment (e.g. chemotherapy and resection) may be of value but randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are still needed. Liver transplantation should be reserved for carefully selected patients.
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PMID:Management options for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. An overview. 781 21

The objective of this paper is to review the epidemiology, manifestations, therapy, and prevention of viral hepatitis in older people and to discuss issues of prevention and management. In developed countries a significant portion of the adult population is not immune to Hepatitis A virus (HAV). Morbidity and mortality from HAV infection increases with age. A safe and effective hepatitis A vaccine is available and health authorities should consider immunization early in life and for healthy adults as well as for potential high risk groups such as nursing home residents. Acute hepatitis due to Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is rare in older people and is usually a mild disease. Most older patients with chronic HBV infection who suffer from advanced liver disease have no evidence of ongoing viral replication. Therefore, they are not candidates for interferon therapy. Those with evidence of ongoing viral replication and compensated liver disease should be offered interferon or be included in clinical trials with new antiviral drugs such as lamivudine. Since the response rate to hepatitis B vaccination decreases with age, developing vaccines with greater immunogenicity is crucial. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most frequent cause of acute viral hepatitis in older people. Acute hepatitis C is usually a mild disease in this age group. Because many older patients with chronic HCV infection have compensated liver disease, they could benefit from antiviral therapy. In light of the low response rate to interferon in older patients with chronic hepatitis C and the side effects of the drug, interferon therapy should be reserved for those with the best chance of response. "Combination" antiviral therapy should be on trial for older patients with chronic HCV infection who do not respond to interferon. The recently discovered RNA virus, Hepatitis G (HGV), has been associated with liver disease in older people. It's role in the pathogenesis of liver injury remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis in older adults. 918 Jun 74

Several new nucleoside analogues have been developed which can inhibit hepatitis B replication by at least two logs. Lamivudine is the most widely studied of these new agents. Extensive phase II and III studies in patients with chronic hepatitis B have been completed. The sustained HBeAg seroconversion rate in patients who have received 100 mg lamivudine increases from 17% after a year of treatment to 27% after 2 years of treatment. Histological improvement has been noted in 38%-52% of lamivudine-treated patients, exceeding the improvement seen in placebo recipients. Similar histological improvement has been noted in anti-HBe-positive, DNA- positive patients. Lamivudine can prevent recurrence of hepatitis B after liver transplantation. It is likely that in the absence of immune clearance to accelerate elimination of infected hepatocytes, inhibitors of virus replication such as lamivudine will need to be administered for a long period to reduce the burden of infected hepatocytes in the liver, and to prevent relapse. The drug is generally well tolerated with few direct adverse events. Genotypic mutations have been observed in 23% (range 13-32%). In a study in Asian patients treated for two years the incidence of these mutants increased to 38% (as detected by PCR). Loss of susceptibility to lamivudine has been found to be due to reverse transcriptase amino acid substitutions. Lamivudine is likely to be reserved for patients with replicative hepatitis B infection with active chronic hepatitis, and/or active cirrhosis. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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PMID:Lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B. 1039 3

Following the first international conference in 1999, twice as many new antiretroviral substances are in the early clinical or preclinical phase of investigation as are currently approved for ART in Germany. These data are almost certainly not complete, and the number of "candidates" will be larger rather than smaller. Nevertheless they send a clear message. Antiretroviral treatments guided by therapeutic pessimism are anything but up to date. This applies to inadequate dual treatments or the delayed use of ART. The plethora of new medications with no, or virtually no, cross-resistance vis-a-vis previously approved substances renders in admissible any reasons advanced for delayed or reserved treatment. The present article has been written also for those therapists who, for the reasons set out above, have so far greatly delayed, or have provided only "half-hearted", treatment. In the near future, ART will comprise not only the inhibition of HIV replication, but will also deal with immune reconstruction. As in the last 15 years, antiretroviral therapeutic strategies will be the signposts and pacemakers for the treatment of other infectious diseases, too. Not least of the conditions included are such important chronic viral ailments as hepatitis B or C, which have just successfully crossed the combination therapy threshold. It is to be hoped that a maximum number of the substances presented here will pass the proving period leading a full-blown antiretroviral medication.
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PMID:[The future of HIV therapy. Research pipelines are filled with options]. 1086 19

The general indications for liver transplantation in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and the issues surrounding treatment for HBV infection in the pre- and post-transplant periods, are discussed. In general, transplantation is reserved for patients with end-stage liver failure secondary to cirrhosis and a small population with acute liver failure. It is proposed that certain guidelines can be developed and that these should include any one of the following: a Child-Pugh score > or = 9, diuretic resistant ascites, recurrent portal hypertensive bleeding, recurrent encephalopathy, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and the development of a small hepatocellular cancer (< or = 5 cm in diameter). Treatment for HBV infection now includes lamivudine therapy pre and post transplantation together with hepatitis B immunoglobulin. Such an approach has virtually abolished recurrence of HBV infection following liver transplantation.
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PMID:Liver transplantation in chronic hepatitis B and C. 1092 2


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