Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previously we showed that mice immunized with a vaccinia virus vector expressing the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) gene (vaccinia/gD) were protected against both lethal and latent infections with HSV-1 for at least 6 weeks after immunization (K. J. Cremer, M. Mackett, C. Wohlenberg, A. L. Notkins, and B. Moss, Science 228:737-740, 1985). In the experiments described here, we examined long-term immunity to HSV following vaccinia/gD vaccination, the effect of revaccination with vaccinia/gD, and the impact of previous immunity to vaccinia virus on immunization with the gD recombinant. Mice immunized with vaccinia/gD showed 100, 100, and 80% protection against lethal infection with HSV-1 at 18, 44, and 60 weeks postimmunization, respectively. Protection against latent trigeminal ganglionic infection was 70, 50, and 31% at 6, 41, and 60 weeks postvaccination, respectively. To study the effect of reimmunization on antibody levels, mice vaccinated with vaccinia/gD were given a second immunization (booster dose) 3 months after the first. These mice developed a 10-fold increase in neutralizing-antibody titer (221 to 2,934) and demonstrated a significant increase in protection against lethal HSV-1 challenge compared with animals that received only one dose of vaccinia/gD. To determine whether preexisting immunity to vaccinia virus inhibited the response to vaccination with vaccinia/gD virus, mice were immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus vector expressing antigens from either influenza A or hepatitis B virus and were then immunized (2 to 3 months later) with vaccinia/gD. These mice showed reduced titers of neutralizing antibody to HSV-1 and decreased protection against both lethal and latent infections with HSV-1 compared with animals vaccinated only with vaccinia/gD. We conclude that vaccination with vaccinia/gD produces immunity against HSV-1 that lasts over 1 year and that this immunity can be increased by a booster but that prior immunization with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing a non-HSV gene reduces the levels of neutralizing antibody and protective immunity against HSV-1 challenge.
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PMID:Immunization with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D: long-term protection and effect of revaccination. 283 6

The coding sequences for the hepatitis B virus surface antigen, the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D, and the influenza virus hemagglutinin were inserted into a single vaccinia virus genome. Rabbits inoculated intravenously or intradermally with this polyvalent vaccinia virus recombinant produced antibodies reactive to all three authentic foreign antigens. In addition, the feasibility of multiple rounds of vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus was demonstrated.
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PMID:Recombinant vaccinia virus: immunization against multiple pathogens. 299 92

Repeated intradermal inoculations of calves with wild-type vaccinia virus and recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing human hepatitis B virus surface antigen and herpes simplex virus, type 1, glycoprotein D produced characteristic pox lesions at each site of injection. In some instances, calves were inoculated as many as five times at intervals from 4 to 7 weeks. The lesions invariably were more severe after the second inoculation. Subsequent inoculations produced a less severe area of redness, swelling, necrosis, and scab formation. No other signs of illness, such as an elevation in temperature, were noted in the calves. Vaccinia virus was isolated in low titers from scabs taken at various times after inoculation. No lesions were formed at the sites injected with tissue culture fluid and cellular debris at the same time that virus inoculations were made. Calf contact controls remained normal through the 8-week exposure in isolation units with calves inoculated twice with vaccinia virus. No neutralizing antibody to vaccinia virus was detected in the contact controls. In contrast, the virus-inoculated calves developed neutralizing antibody to vaccinia virus and to herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D in serum. In all cattle, a second inoculation significantly enhanced the neutralizing antibody response within 1 week, suggesting that an anamnestic response had occurred. No antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen was elicited in calves after repeated inoculations with vaccinia recombinants that express hepatitis B virus surface antigen and are known to elicit in rabbits antibodies reactive with hepatitis B virus surface antigen.
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PMID:Response of dairy calves to vaccinia viruses that express foreign genes. 370 Jun 15

Gene splicing techniques have been used to modify the smallpox vaccine virus thus providing a generic approach for the construction of live vaccines directed against a variety of heterologous infectious disease agents. The technique involves translocating a particular gene from an infectious agent into the genetic material of the smallpox vaccine virus. This unique foreign gene, selected because it contains the information essential for the synthesis of an antigen important in immunity to that particular infectious disease agent, is now expressed under the regulation of the engineered smallpox vaccine virus. On immunization with this live recombinant vaccine, the body is fooled into thinking that it was infected by the foreign infectious disease agent and mounts a defensive attack resulting in immunity to that particular infectious agent. Three examples of this approach are provided. Thus, smallpox vaccine viruses were engineered to express genes encoding the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (HSV-gD) and the haemagglutinin (HA) from influenza virus. These foreign gene products when synthesized in vitro under vaccinia virus regulation were shown to be antigenic by a variety of serological tests. When these recombinant vaccinia viruses were inoculated into laboratory animals, the heterologous gene products elicited the production of specific antibodies thus demonstrating that they were immunogenic. Serum neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated to be present for both influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Additional studies in mice showed that a recombinant smallpox vaccine virus expressing a gene from herpes simplex virus effectively protected the mice when subsequently challenged with what would normally be lethal doses of infectious herpes simplex virus.
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PMID:Genetically engineered poxviruses: a novel approach to the construction of live vaccines. 609 48

Potential live vaccines using recombinant vaccinia viruses have been constructed for both hepatitis B and herpes simplex. These recombinant vaccinia viruses express cloned genes of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) or the glycoprotein D from herpes simplex virus (HSV-gD). The HBsAg synthesized in vitro under the regulation of vaccinia virus is secreted from infected cells as a particle of approximately equal to 22 nm diameter with a density of 1.2 g/ml as determined on CsCl gradients. Inoculation of rabbits with the recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses the HBsAg elicits the production of high-titered antibodies. Synthesis of the HSV-gD was detected in tissue culture by radioimmunoassay on unfixed cells, suggesting that the HSV-gD synthesized by the recombinant vaccinia virus is membrane associated. Inoculation of rabbits with the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HSV-gD resulted in the production of antibodies that reacted with authentic HSV-gD as detected by radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, the anti-serum was shown by plaque-reduction assay to neutralize the infectivity of herpes simplex virus. Immunization of mice with the vaccinia recombinant expressing HSV-gD gave complete protection on subsequent challenge with lethal doses of live herpes simplex virus.
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PMID:Construction of live vaccines using genetically engineered poxviruses: biological activity of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the hepatitis B virus surface antigen and the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D. 632 Jan 64

The ability of vaccinia virus to accept and express cloned genes encoding immunologically important proteins of unrelated viruses and malarial parasites has suggested a novel approach to the development of live vaccines. Vaccinia virus recombinants retain infectivity and stimulate synthesis of specific antibodies to the cloned gene products in vaccinated animals. Moreover, animals inoculated with recombinants expressing the influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA), the hepatitis B virus surface antigen, and type 1 herpesvirus glycoprotein D were protected against subsequent challenge with the corresponding virus. For maximal effectiveness, vaccines should produce cellular as well as humoral immunity. We now report that a vaccinia virus recombinant, expressing the influenza HA, primes and stimulates a specific murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. Histocompatible cells infected with this recombinant also serve as targets for CTLs. These properties make vaccinia virus a unique tool for studying cell-mediated immunity and enhance the attractiveness of this vector for production of live vaccines.
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PMID:Recombinant vaccinia virus primes and stimulates influenza haemagglutinin-specific cytotoxic T cells. 633 92

320 adults and children of an isolated community of Bali, Indonesia, have been tested for blood groups ABO, Rh, MNS, P, Lewis, Duffy, Kell, for haptoglobin and transferrin and for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies. Phenotype distribution and gene frequencies are given for the total population tested and for two subgroups representative of the inbred population of the isolate and of the non-inbred part of the population. Significant differences between the two subgroups show a clear genetic drift in the inbred population. The study brings biological support to the ethnological hypothesis of population migrations in this area. Tests for hepatitis B surface antigen reveal a lower prevalence of the disease than in most other south-east Asian populations.
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PMID:Genetic survey of an isolated community in Bali, Indonesia. I. Blood groups, serum proteins and hepatitis B serology. 706 59

Conventional treatment of beta thalassaemia major is based on regular blood transfusion from early childhood. Maximum effectiveness of transfusion therapy depends on the following. (1) Availability of safe blood. Donation programmes should aim at retaining repeat donors, who carry decreased risk of transmitting blood-borne infections. Donors should be screened with laboratory tests performed to the highest possible standard of quality. Selection of safe donors can be improved by the adoption of questionnaires containing direct questions on risk factors for transfusion transmissible infections. (2) Use of good quality red blood cells, which should be leucodepleted, preferably by filtration, that can be carried out at the bedside. (3) Regular evaluation of blood transfusion indices, including mean level of haemoglobin maintained, annual blood requirement, daily haemoglobin fall, mean transfusion interval, transfusion reaction rate. This can be assisted by the use of a computerized patient record. (4) Maintenance of a permanent record of the patient's blood group genotype (including at least Rh, Kell, Kidd and Duffy systems) and any red cell antibodies that develop. This is mandatory to ensure optimal survival of transfused red cells. (5) Continuous monitoring of transfusion transmissible infections. (6) Vaccination against hepatitis B of all suitable patients. (7) Intensive iron chelation. This should be done by regular subcutaneous administration of desferrioxamine B. Oral chelators, which are currently under laboratory and clinical evaluation, are not yet available for general use.
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PMID:Blood transfusion in beta thalassaemia major. 864 87

Infectious diseases are responsible for a significant number of deaths during the first weeks of life. Some of the salient pathogens include HSV, HIV, hepatitis B virus, group B streptococcus, Haemophilus sp., and Chlamydia sp. The vertical transmission of many of these pathogens significantly increases the risk of neonatal infection. We recently reported that oral DNA immunization in utero induced high serum Ab titers and cell-mediated immunity in fetal lambs. In this study, we demonstrate immune memory and mucosal immunity in newborn lambs following oral DNA immunization of the fetus. A single oral exposure in utero to plasmid DNA encoding a truncated form of glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus-1 induced detectable immune responses in 80% (12 of 15) of newborn lambs. There was no evidence for the induction of immune tolerance in nonresponding lambs. Responding lambs displayed both systemic and mucosal immune responses and reduced virus shedding following intranasal challenge. Furthermore, strong anamnestic responses were evident for at least 3 mo after birth. The efficacy of in utero oral DNA immunization was further demonstrated with the hepatitis B surface Ag, and protective serum Ab titers occurred in 75% of immunized lambs. Thus, the present investigation confirms that oral DNA immunization in utero can induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses in the neonate and that this immunity has the potential to prevent vertical disease transmission.
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PMID:Oral DNA vaccination in utero induces mucosal immunity and immune memory in the neonate. 1182 22

It is generally recognized that DNA vaccines are often less effective in large animals than in mice. One possible reason for this reduced effectiveness may be transfection efficiency and the low level of expression elicited by plasmid vectors in large animals. A possible way to improve plasmid gene expression in vivo is electroporation. To determine whether we could enhance immune responses in pigs by electroporation, we used plasmids encoding two different genes (bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein D (gD) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)) and two different electrodes, a single-needle electrode and a six-needle electrode. Electroporation significantly enhanced immune responses to both antigens. In addition, we demonstrated that co-administration of plasmids coding for two different antigens (pgD and pHBsAg) did not result in significant interference between the plasmids. We also incorporated a DNA prime/protein boost strategy to examine the effect of DNA priming with electroporation on the immune response after a protein boost.
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PMID:Electroporation improves the efficacy of DNA vaccines in large animals. 1221 10


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