Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Men and women patients not previously immunized or tested, attending the Adelaide (South Australia) STD clinic from 1988-1991, were tested for hepatitis B infection, and potential risk factors detected by multiple logistic regression. Of 7055 men and 3425 women patients tested 811 (11.5%) men and 250 (7.3%) women were seropositive. Among men seropositivity was associated with being Asian (odds ratio (OR) = 14.5), being Aboriginal (OR = 2.2), homosexual behaviour (OR = 3.8), intravenous drug use (OR = 3.2) being over 24 (OR = 2.7), previous STD (OR = 1.8), being unemployed (OR = 1.3) and having sex outside the state in the past 3 months (OR = 1.3). Among women seropositivity was associated with being Asian (OR = 10.3), being Aboriginal (OR = 2.4), intravenous drug use (OR = 3.8), being over 24 (OR = 1.6) and having vaginal discharge or dysuria (OR = 1.4). Seropositivity was not independently associated with being a prostitute or having multiple sex partners in the past 3 months. Among seropositive individuals, risk factors were not readily identifiable for 15% of men and 43% of women. Univariate analysis may provide misleading indicators of risk factors because of the confounding influence of other factors, particularly intravenous drug use. In selective vaccination campaigns the target group should be determined on the basis of local circumstances. In South Australia this group should include men with an STD. The success of selective campaigns will be jeopardized by the failure to identify risk factors in many of those who become infected, and in such situations universal vaccination or widespread screening may be more appropriate strategies.
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PMID:Factors associated with hepatitis B infection. 847 58

The evaluation of efforts to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the United States requires accurate measures of hepatitis B vaccination coverage among children and adults at risk for infection. Although vaccination coverage among children is obtained by nationwide surveys, vaccination coverage among adults at risk for HBV infection has not been well characterized. To estimate hepatitis B vaccination coverage among young men who have sex with men (MSM) (a group known to be at high risk for HBV infection and for whom hepatitis B vaccine has been recommended since 1982), CDC analyzed serologic data from the 1992-1993 Young Men's Survey (YMS) conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate low hepatitis B vaccination coverage among young MSM in the San Francisco Bay area.
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PMID:Undervaccination for Hepatitis B among young men who have sex with men--San Francisco and Berkeley, California, 1992-1993. 860 77

Traditional sampling methods are unsuitable for determining the levels of human immunodeficiency virus type I infection and related behavioral risk factors among young men who have sex with men. Most surveys of this hard-to-reach population have used nonprobability samples of young men in clinical or public settings. While these studies have revealed high rates of HIV infection and risk behaviors, their findings are not generalizable to broader populations of young men who have sex with men. To better understand the epidemiology of HIV within this population, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with state and local health departments, has developed a venue-based probability survey of young men who have sex with men. Conducted in seven metropolitan areas in the United States, the Young Men's Survey combines outreach techniques with standard methods of sample surveys to enumerate, sample, and estimate prevalence outcomes of a population of young men who frequent public venues and who have sex with other men. Venues where young men who have sex with men are sampled include dance clubs, bars, and street locations. At sampled venues, young men are enumerated, consecutively approached, and offered enrollment if they are determined eligible. Young men who agree to participate in the Young Men's Survey are interviewed, counseled, and tested for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, and syphilis in vans parked near sampled venues. The Young Men's Survey provides data on the locations and times at which demographic and behavioral subgroups of young men who have sex with men may be targeted for prevention activities. Behaviors and psychosocial factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection can be used to design culturally relevant and age-specific prevention activities for young men who have sex with men.
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PMID:The Young Men's Survey: methods for estimating HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among young men who have sex with men. 886 70

The course of disease associated with infection with the human immunodeficiency virus varies widely. Some patients deteriorate rapidly, while others live for years, even after an illness that defines the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this study, comorbidity, or the presence of concurrent health problems, was investigated prospectively as a possible co-factor for different rates of decline in 395 homosexual/bisexual men in the San Francisco Men's Health Study (SFMHS) who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Comorbidity data obtained from baseline interviews included both chronic and infectious diseases as well as depression. Smoking, alcohol, and drug use were also examined. The most prevalent comorbid conditions were sexually transmitted diseases (90%) and hepatitis B infection (76%). Most chronic and acute concurrent health conditions were not significant discrete predictors of survival to AIDS or death after controlling for immune status and markers of disease progression. Significantly, other risk factors (e.g., depression and smoking) were found to be associated with more rapid progression. Men with symptoms of depression had a higher risk of progression of AIDS diagnosis; the relative hazard (RH) was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.08); smoking was associated with higher risk of death (RH, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.20-2.17). Older age was marginally associated with poorer survival to death. No associations were found between survival and alcohol and drug use.
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PMID:Comorbidity and survival in HIV-infected men in the San Francisco Men's Health Survey. 891 73

In this paper a cohort study from Infectious Diseases Department in Szczecin the etiology and dynamics of liver diseases in hospitalized patients from 1994 to 1996 are presented. The number of patients is increased during this period. Chronic liver diseases are common and predominately are cause of by hepatitis B virus. Men from urban environmental are most often stricken with sickness.
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PMID:[Profile of liver diseases from personal observations]. 1008 12

The benefits of screening hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive carriers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in terms of long-term survival have not been established. We conducted a prospective 16-year, population-based cohort study to determine the impact of screening for HCC in 1,487 HBsAg-positive Alaska native carriers with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) determinations every 6 months. Men and nonpregnant women with an elevated AFP level were evaluated for the presence of HCC by ultrasound (US) examination. The long-term survival rate for patients whose HCC was detected by the screening program was compared with a historical control group of Alaska native patients with HCC from the same population who were clinically diagnosed with HCC between 1969 and October 1982, through a National Cancer Institute-sponsored Cancer Registry. Between October 1982 and December 1998, 26,752 AFP determinations in HBsAg carriers were performed. One or more AFP elevations were found in 61 men and 39 nonpregnant women. HCC was diagnosed in 32 patients (24 men and 8 women). HCC tumors less than 6 cm were found in 23 patients; 22 patients had resections, and 1 patient refused a resection. Compared with 12 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC diagnosed from 1969 to October 1982, before this program, the 5- and 10-year survival rate for the 32 patients with HCC were 42% (P =.008) and 30% (P =.07), respectively. Five- and 10-year tumor-free survival rates for carriers who had a normal AFP level on initial screening and subsequently developed HCC were 29% (P =.004) and 24% (P =.024), respectively. Screening of HBsAg carriers with semiannual AFP was effective in detecting most HCC tumors at a resectable stage and significantly prolonged survival rates when compared with historical controls in this population.
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PMID:Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaska natives infected with chronic hepatitis B: a 16-year population-based study. 1100 32

Mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is extraordinarily high in Matzu, an island off the coast of Southeastern China. To investigate factors associated with plasma aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-albumin adduct level, we studied 304 healthy adult residents from Matzu. AFB1-albumin adducts were determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hepatitis B surface antigen status by enzyme immunoassay, genotypes of glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 by polymerase chain reaction, plasma selenium by atomic absorption spectrometry, and plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. Men had higher AFB1-albumin adduct levels than women. GSTM1-nonnull and GSTT1-null genotypes and low plasma selenium level were significantly associated with an increased level of AFB1-albumin adducts among men, whereas age was significantly correlated with adduct level among women. High intake of fermented beans was associated with an increased adduct level among men and women. The inverse associations between plasma selenium level and AFB1-albumin adducts were statistically significant among those with null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1, but not among the nonnull genotypes. This study provides insight into the dietary and genetic factors influencing AFB1-albumin adduct formation in an isolated population with high liver cancer mortality.
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PMID:Associations of plasma aflatoxin B1-albumin adduct level with plasma selenium level and genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1. 1152 95

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy in the world and is estimated to cause approximately half a million deaths annually. Because of its high fatality rates, the incidence and mortality rates are almost equal. The major risk factors for HCC are chronic hepatitis B virus infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and alcoholic cirrhosis. The epidemiology of HCC is characterized by marked demographic (age, gender, race/ethnicity) and geographic variations. Hepatitis B virus infection, with and without aflatoxin exposure, is responsible for most cases in developing countries; better control of these risk factors has resulted in a recent decline in HCC in some places like Taiwan and China. Recently, however, a trend of rising rates of HCC has been reported from several developed countries in Europe and North America. These new trends are associated with "new" risk factors such as HCV and, possibly, diabetes. In the United States, the incidence of HCC has approximately doubled over the past 3 decades. White individuals are two to three times less often affected than African Americans, who in turn are two to three times less often affected than Asians, Pacific Islanders, or Native Americans. Men are two to three times more often affected than women. Concomitant with the rising rates of HCC, there has been a shift of incidence from typically elderly patients to relatively younger patients between ages of 40 to 60 years. An increase in HCV-related HCC accounts for at least half of the witnessed increase in HCC in the United States. Hepatocellular carcinoma continues to carry an overall dismal survival rate (close to 5%); very few patients qualify for and receive potentially curative therapy. The future incidence trends of HCC will be determined to a large extent by the clinical course of HCV-infected people.
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PMID:Hepatocellular carcinoma: an epidemiologic view. 1239 9

Hepatitis A and hepatitis B are 2 common sexually transmitted diseases that are preventable by vaccination. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of acquiring hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus through sexual exposure. Current guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that MSM receive immunizations against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Many health care providers and most MSM are unaware of the risks and the potentially dangerous consequences posed by hepatitis A and B virus infection, and the MSM thus remain unvaccinated and unprotected from exposure to these viruses. It is important for health care providers to educate and vaccinate their at-risk male patients against hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus infections.
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PMID:Preventing hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus infections among men who have sex with men. 1243 2

The study objective was to estimate the prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and associated factors among Dhaka slum dwellers. Blood and urine specimens were collected from 1534 men and women. Participants in this cross-sectional study responded to a questionnaire, providing socioeconomic data, symptomatology and treatment-seeking behaviour. Specimens were tested for syphilis, hepatitis B (HBsAg), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and HIV. Serologic evidence of syphilis infection was found in 6.0% of respondents, HBsAg in 3.8%. Prevalence rates of gonorrhoea and chlamydia were 1.7% and <1%, respectively. No HIV infections were found. Men were more than twice as likely as women to be infected with syphilis or HBsAg carriers. Behaviours facilitating STI transmission were common among men. Syphilis infection is prevalent enough to warrant the initiation of screening programmes in this population. The prevalence rate of hepatitis B carriage suggests that this population would benefit from universal vaccination against hepatitis B.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted infections prevalence rates in slum communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh. 1451 98


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