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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper reports the result of the immune response and reactions to simultaneous administration of DPT, TOPV and hepatitis B vaccine. 180 children (0-5 months of age) were divided into three groups. Group one was vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine alone, group two was vaccinated with DPT, TOPV vaccine, and group three was vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, DPT and TOPV vaccine simultaneously. The result of the immune response to the combination of hepatitis B with DPT, TOPV vaccines were similar to that observed after immunization with each vaccine alone. The general reactions of all vaccines were mild, no significant difference between each group was noted. The study demonstrated that children can be immunized with hepatitis B vaccine and DPT, TOPV vaccines simultaneously.
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PMID:[Immune response and reactions to simultaneous administration of hepatitis B vaccine with routine vaccine in children. I. Immune response and reactions to simultaneous administration of DPT, TOPV and hepatitis B vaccine]. 280 46

Focusing on the worldwide state of immunization, attention is directed to the progress being made in control of the 6 diseases -- measles, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis -- using the vaccines and equipment now available. Major problems in world-wide vaccine coverage to be resolved are: management to ensure that adequate amounts of potent vaccine are delivered on time to susceptible infants; and funds to pay for this system of delivery over the next few decades. In 1974, at the time Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was conceived, 5% of infants in the developing world received a 3rd dose of DPT or polio vaccine. At this time, more than 1/3 of infants in the developing countries receive a 3rd dose of DPT or polio vaccine, although only about 20% receive measles vaccine. Progress has been made, but it is not sufficient if the global target is to be realized. Except for measles, the target diseases have been brought under control in most of the European region, and eradication targets have been set for the end of the century. Additionally, there is wide use of vaccines against other diseases of importance to public health including rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, influenza, pneumonococcal and meningococcal infections. Africa has the highest mortality and morbidity rates for the target diseases, yet there has been some progress in EPI. In 1983, 19 countries achieved fully immunized rates of 45-87% of their target population. A priority for the African region is the upgrading of the management skills of the health workers involved in EPI. A major constraint in the region is the need for a good 'cold chain" to ensure that vaccines are stored and transported within the safe temperature range. 26 countries in the American region are considered to have achieved control of paralytic poliomyelitis. Innovative ideas have been used in this region, including the use of national immunization days and revolving funds for bulk purchase of vaccines. In the Southeast Asia region there has been a slow but steady increase in coverage for all antigens except BCG and measles. The major constraints in the Western Pacific region as the other regions are lack of management skills and financial resources. Some progress has been made in the Eastern Mediterranean region despite great variation in socioeconomic status between countries. Alternative strategies for the acceleration of EPI activities are outlined.
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PMID:A global view of immunisation. 382 Jan 51

The interactions of HB vaccine with other vaccines was studied according to a plan of simultaneous injections on animals in order to ascertain if it would be possible to include HB vaccine in the expanded programmes of vaccination in children in Africa. Investigations were made to discover if the immunogenicity of each vaccine, injected simultaneously with the Hepatitis B vaccine, was at least equal to its immunogenicity when injected alone. The vaccines studied in association with Hepatitis B were: BCG, DPT-Polio or DPT Measles, and Yellow Fever Vaccines.
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PMID:Association of hepatitis B vaccine with other vaccines--laboratory animals study. 622 76

It has been 30 years since the Third World Health Assembly convened a WHO Expert Committee to consider investigation, control, and prevention of viral hepatitis. During that time, significant advances have been made in understanding the etiology and epidemiology of viral hepatitis. Technological advances of the 1970s enabled widespread rapid diagnosis and the development of vaccines of high efficacy. These advances have allowed the implementation of control programs on a global scale. Because liver cancer (PHC) is among the 10 most common cancers in the world, the link between PHC and viral hepatitis is important. Up to 80% of these cancers are attributable to the hepatitis B virus. Although the development of PHC is not associated with acute hepatitis B virus itself, the chronic HBV carrier state may be classified as a precancerous lesion. Task forces have been convened consider implementation of hepatitis control programs, especially in countries where the infection is hyperendemic. The most important prevention method is active immunization, but vaccination strategies must consider differences in geographical patterns of prevalence. In areas of low endemicity, such as North America, Western Europe, and Australia, immunization of selected high risk groups is suggested. In areas of high endemicity, such as sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, and China, large-scale vaccination of infants is recommended, similar to DPT and polio vaccination programs. Current hepatitis B vaccines are favorable to mass infant immunization because of their high tolerability, excellent immunogenicity, and their ability to induce primary humeral antibody response. However, these vaccines are available in insufficient quantities and the costs are too high for use on a large scale. Newer vaccines, based on recombinant DNA techniques (rather than plasma-derived vaccines) show promise in increasing the quantity and reducing the cost of hepatitis B vaccines.
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PMID:World-wide control of hepatitis B. 624 Apr 73

Healthy Egyptian neonates born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-seronegative mothers were randomly enrolled in one of three vaccination schedules. A dose of 2.5 micrograms of recombinant HB vaccine was given at birth, two, and six months of age (group A) or two, four, and nine months of age (group B). These two groups and a third control group (group C) also were given the other routine childhood vaccines (BCG, DPT, polio, and measles). Blood samples were taken one month after the third vaccine dose in groups A (seven months of age) and B (10 months of age), and a second follow-up blood sample was taken at the age of 18 months for all three groups. Sera were tested for HBsAg and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, and quantitatively for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits. The vaccine was well tolerated and side effects were limited to local soreness, redness, or temporary swelling. Among 590 infants who were followed-up, good (51-300 mIU anti-HBs/ml) or excellent (> 300 mIU/ml) immune responses occurred in 85% of the infants in group A and in 96% in group B. Geometric mean titers of anti-HBs at the first and second follow-up were 306 and 55 mIU/ml in group A, and 1,492 and 147 mIU/ml in group B. The recombinant HB vaccine is safe and immunogenic when given in three doses of 2.5 micrograms in either regimen, but delay of the booster dose of the vaccine until nine months after birth produced a higher immune response.
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PMID:Comparative study of the immunogenicity and safety of two dosing schedules of hepatitis B vaccine in neonates. 748 97

Hepatitis B is highly endemic in Senegal. The prevalence of hepatitis B antigens in the population was estimated to be 10 to 12% in 1982. According to the WHO recommendations, a hepatitis B vaccination program (HBV) was launched in 10 medical centers in the Kolda medical region to assess the feasibility of including HBV in the EPI. The epidemiological impact of HBV was also investigated by comparison of the vaccinated zone (VZ) to a control non vaccinated zone (NVZ). HBV coverage had a pattern similar to that of DPT-IPV, but at a lower level: the overall coverage with HBV was only 37.5%, and the drop out rate for HBV1-3 was only 34.4%. In addition, the coverage of the under one year age group was insufficient: 45% for HBV3 as compared to 78% for DPT3 (p < 0.0001). Routine vaccination records in the medical centers in the VZ were consistent with the findings of cluster surveys. Hepatitis B markers were less prevalent among vaccinated that non vaccinated children (8 versus 18.5%, p < 0.001). HB antigenemia was significantly less frequent in the VZ than the NVZ (3.9 versus 10.9, p < 0.0001), and the difference was even larger for all hepatitis markers (7.4 versus 23.7%, p < 0.0001). This study therefore suggests that the inclusion of HBV in the EPI should be continued and strengthened in less accessible regions by an adapted social mobilization program. HBV could then be extended to the whole medical district of Kolda in association with regular epidemiological and serological surveillance.
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PMID:[Inclusion of hepatitis B vaccination in the Expanded Program of Immunization: feasibility study in the medical region of Kolda (Senegal)]. 789 28

UNICEF decided to achieve the 1977 World Health Organization objective Health For All By The Year 2000 through primary health care, utilizing growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast-feeding, immunization, family planning, and education of women. Since the 1960s BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccination, DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) and OPV (oral polio vaccine) have been available in Sri Lanka. The expanded program of immunization has almost eliminated diphtheria, pertussis, neonatal tetanus, and poliomyelitis. Tuberculous meningitis, bone and joint tuberculosis, measles, and miliary tuberculosis have become very rare. Among other vaccine-preventable diseases, mumps is the commonest cause of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in children. Maternal rubella in the first trimester causes abortion or gross teratogenic effects including congenital heart disease. Safe vaccines may be used to prevent mumps and rubella. In recent years there has been a resurgence of measles in North America among school children, and presently a 2nd dose of vaccine is recommended for children. Japanese B encephalitis has a mortality rate of over 30% and half the survivors have residual brain damage. The Ministry of Health has immunized susceptible children in some of the prevalent areas. This vaccine also gives partial protection against dengue hemorrhagic fever. In Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan hepatitis B vaccine is part of the national immunization schedule because of the common occurrence of primary hepatoma of the liver. At present this vaccine is recommended for health workers in Sri Lanka. Meningococcal meningitis occurs in some Middle East countries such as Saudi Arabia, thus Haj pilgrims are advised to be vaccinated against it before the pilgrimage. In Sri Lanka beta-thalassemia major is prevalent, and as most of these patients are subjected to splenectomy, pneumococcal vaccine should be given to them. Currently research work is being carried out for development of vaccines against rotavirus, streptococcal, and hepatitis A infection.
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PMID:Improving child survival through immunisation. 814 30

An analysis was carried out on a total of 883 cold chain monitor (CCM) cards, which had been attached to batches of poliomyelitis, measles, DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) and hepatitis B vaccines, during their transport and storage from the central store in Kuala Lumpur to Kelantan, a state in north-eastern Malaysia; 234 freeze watches attached to hepatitis B vaccines were also analysed. The monitor cards and freeze watches were observed at six levels between the central store and the periphery during distribution of the vaccines, and a colour change in any of the four windows (A, B, C, D) on the CCM cards or the freeze watches was recorded. In addition, 33 unopened vials of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), collected from refrigerators in 29 health facilities in Kelantan, were tested for potency using the tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) method; 14 of them (42%) did not meet the WHO criteria for potent vaccines. The results showed that at the final destination 13.4% of all cards remained white while a colour change to blue was observed in 65% in window A, 16.6% in window B, and 4.4% in window C; none had turned blue in window D indicating that the vaccine had not been subjected to temperatures > or = 34 degrees C for 2 hours. All but 2 of the 234 freeze watches had turned purple, which indicates exposure of the hepatitis B vaccines to temperatures below 0 degree C. These results will assist health planners to correct the weaknesses identified in the cold chain system.
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PMID:Evaluation of cold chain monitoring in Kelantan, Malaysia. 882 61

The immunogenicity of the HbOC, a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine, was evaluated in a randomized clinical trial of Arab children resident in Tripoli. The HbOC vaccine was given as part of a three-dose series at 2, 3 and 4 months of age together with hepatitis B, OPV and DPT to 90 children. Anti-H. influenzae antibody levels were compared with 81 infants receiving hepatitis B, OPV and DPT but not the HbOC vaccine. The immunogenicity and safety of HbOC was as high as that observed in industrialised countries. There were no major complications, and fever and temporary local discomfort were observed in fewer than approximately 2% of the infants. Infants receiving the HbOC vaccine had an increase in Hib antibodies with only one dose. Geometric mean anti-Hib antibody levels were 0.41, 1.36 and 2.91 mg/ml after one, two and three doses. After two doses, all children had antibody levels above 0.20 mg/ml and the lowest antibody concentration was 0.80 mg/ml. Antibody levels in our children are similar to those observed in Europe and the USA and it is thus likely that HbOC will provide good clinical protection in this population. As most of the children develop antibody titres above or near 1 mg/ml, it is likely that they are protected even with two doses of the vaccine. The anti-Hib antibody levels observed are similar to those in studies from Europe where hepatitis B vaccine is not routinely given.
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PMID:Immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae-diphtheria CRM197 protein conjugate vaccine (HbOC) in Libyan infants. 953 70

The Cuban recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine (Heberbiovac-HB) was administered to 2 groups of infants aged 3 months. A dosage of 10 micrograms was used through a scheme of 0, 1 and 6 and 0, 1, 2 and 12, coinciding with the DPT and anti-meningococcal vaccines, according to the immunization schedule. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity were studied in both groups. The reactions observed were mild and similar to other studies, where fever , erythema and induration were the most common signs. These 2 groups had high percentages of children with titres of antibodies anti HBs above 100 UI/L-1. It is demonstrated the acceptable reactogenicity of the vaccine and the non-immunological interference of other vaccines.
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PMID:[Adverse reactions and immune response to Heberbiovac-HB vaccine administered to infants simultaneously with DPT and VA-MENGOC-BC]. 968 87


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