Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors evaluated receipt of recommended medical care for 133 HIV-infected and 101 at-risk San Francisco public health clinic patients. Fewer than half the patients received syphilis and tuberculosis screening, hepatitis B immunity testing or vaccination, and tetanus boosters. The HIV-infected persons were significantly (p < or = 0.01) more likely than the at-risk persons to receive preventive care, except for interventions specific to women. More than 80% of the HIV-infected persons received CD4 testing, zidovudine and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis, and pneumococcal vaccine. Only 40% of the at-risk persons reported having HIV-antibody testing recommended. Interventions to increase care delivery to HIV-infected and at-risk persons are needed.
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PMID:Receipt of recommended medical care in HIV-infected and at-risk persons. 773 Sep 46

Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) has been recently isolated from CD4-positive peripheral blood lymphocytes of a healthy person. The present study was performed to find the antibody prevalence of this virus in the healthy Mexican population. Two hundred blood samples from candidates for blood donation at the General Hospital of Mexico were studied with the indirect immunofluorescence test (IFA) in HHV-7 infected SupT1 cells. 83.5% were male persons and 16.5% female, the mean age for the male group was 28.8 years and for the female group 31.5. The donors came from 12 different states in Mexico, predominantly from the city (60.8%), and had different occupations. Almost all samples (98.5%) were positive to HHV-7. Other studies done revealed 1% positive to brucella, 1% positive to Hepatitis B, 2% positive to syphilis, hepatitis C and HIV test were negative in the whole group studied. There was a high incidence of HHV-7 in the group studied: more than 50% of the subject had high titers. This results should be further studied determine titers indicative of an active infection and to search for any association with illnesses.
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PMID:[Initial studies of the prevalence of human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) in Mexican blood donors]. 779 72

A 51-year-old man, known to have chronic-aggressive hepatitis B, HIV infection and exertional dyspnoea, was hospitalized because of acute physical deterioration, cough with whitish exudate and dyspnoea at rest. Despite a CD4/CD8 ratio of 0.16 no prophylactic measures against Pneumocystis carinii had been taken. On examination the lungs were unremarkable, but the liver was enlarged and there were petechiae over all parts of the body. Laboratory tests showed impaired liver functions and a rise in lactate dehydrogenase activity (538 U/l). Chest radiogram demonstrated small to very small infiltrates in the lung. As Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was suspected but bronchoscopy was too risky, he was at first treated with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (four times 320/1600 mg/24 h intravenously). When this failed, he received pentamidine (4 mg/kg, after 4 days 2 mg/kg intravenously), and finally cefotiam (twice 2 g daily), tobramycin (three times 40 mg daily) and corticoids (100 mg). Despite this treatment he died after 10 days from respiratory failure. Autopsy revealed interstitial pneumonia throughout the lung as well as focal mucor infiltrations in the wall of middle-calibre lung veins. Mucor is a ubiquitous, facultatively pathogenic mold fungus.
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PMID:[Pulmonary mucormycosis in an HIV-infected patient]. 783 42

Receptor-mediated uptake increases by several orders of magnitude the efficiency of APC to internalize Ag, and is stringently required for the Ag-presenting function of T lymphocytes due to their inability to take up Ag non-specifically. We have previously reported that hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBenvAg) can be internalized by T cells via transferrin receptor (TfR). To evaluate if Ag targeting to receptors expressed on APC could be an effective tool for promoting Ag uptake and presentation, we tested the capacity of activated T cells not expressing TfR to induce HBenvAg-specific T-cell responses when pulsed with a hybrid particle containing HBenvAg coupled to gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), exploiting the ability of gp120 to bind to CD4 receptor. We found that CD4+/TfR- T cells pulsed either with the hybrid particle or peptide (S193-207) but not with S, L Ag, a recombinant form of HBenvAg, induced a specific proliferative response of a T-cell clone recognizing peptide (S193-207) of HBenvAg. The finding that the addition of anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) before the pulsing of CD4+/TfR- T cells with the hybrid particle drastically blocked the specific T-cell response, together with the finding that CD8+/TfR- T cells were unable to serve as APC even if pulsed with this molecule, demonstrated that CD4 receptor was crucial for the HBenvAg internalization. On the other hand, HBenvAg presentation by CD4+/TfR+ T cells pulsed with the hybrid particle was inhibited only when both anti-CD4 and anti-TfR were added before the pulsing. These results suggest that Ag targeting to APC receptors may be usefully exploited to improve Ag-presentation efficiency in potential immunotherapeutic approaches.
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PMID:Antigen targeting to antigen-presenting cells enhances presentation to class II-restricted T lymphocytes. 790 75

The study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between non-responsiveness to hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination in haemodialysed patients and HBs antigen (Ag) presentation and recognition depending on TCR/CD3 receptors expression. We have found that the cause of the blunted response to HBV vaccination is multifactorial and seems to be associated with the following: (1) A reduced number of TCR/CD3 antigen receptor complexes on freshly isolated uraemic CD4 T cells, especially in non-responders. (2) The blunted proliferative response of uraemic CD4 T cells isolated from non-responders and stimulated for 6 days by autologous monocytes presenting HBsAg was associated with the decreased density of the TCR/CD3 receptors. (3) Moreover, in uraemic non-responders the expression of adhesion and accessory molecules on monocytes (intercellular adhesion molecule-1/ICAM-1, HLA-DR/Ia/) was significantly decreased following the culture with autologous monocytes serving as HBsAg-presenting cells. CD4 molecules and lymphocyte function antigen-1 beta/LFA-1 beta/ on helper-inducer T cells were increased before and after the culture. (4) These findings were also associated with a diminished binding capacity of IL-1 beta and IL-6 to their receptors on helper-inducer T cells. (5) IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-4 production was decreased in uraemic non-responders, especially after 72 h of the culture. (6) Inhibited proliferation of helper-inducer T cells in uraemic non-responders was only partially reversible in the presence of exogenous IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-2 and IFN-gamma. (7) HLA typing of uraemic non-responders was associated with extended haplotype: HLA A1,B8,DR3,DR7,DQ2.
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PMID:Non-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccination in haemodialysis patients: association with impaired TCR/CD3 antigen receptor expression regulating co-stimulatory processes in antigen presentation and recognition. 791 Jun 75

Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor therapy significantly reduces serum hepatitis B virus DNA levels, associated with increased 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in cultured mononuclear cells of patients with chronic hepatitis B. To assess changes in immune function during therapy of chronic hepatitis B patients, spontaneous and mitogen-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma were measured-along with serum levels of soluble CD4, soluble CD8, soluble interleukin-2 receptor and beta 2-microglobulin-before, during and after a 6-wk course of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in nine patients with chronic hepatitis B. Treatment statistically enhanced spontaneous production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p < 0.05) and interleukin-1 beta (p < 0.02). Furthermore, spontaneous interleukin-6 production correlated negatively with hepatitis B virus DNA levels (p < 0.03), and spontaneous interleukin-1 beta production correlated positively with 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity (p < 0.0005). In addition, statistically significant increases were found during therapy in serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (p < 0.01), soluble CD4 (p < 0.01) and beta 2-microglobulin (p < 0.05). Levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and soluble CD4 correlated negatively with levels of hepatitis B virus DNA (p < 0.05), and levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and beta 2-microglobulin correlated positively with 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity (p < 0.003 and p < 0.02, respectively). Thus recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administration may induce reductions in hepatitis B virus DNA levels, perhaps by altering the immune status and increasing cytokine production.
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PMID:Changes in cytokine production during therapy with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with chronic hepatitis B. 792 47

Essentially all new cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in infants and young children occur as a consequence of exposure to HIV either in utero, intrapartum or postpartum during breast feeding. Currently it is estimated that the majority of vertical transmission of HIV occurs at or near the time of birth. Based on what is known about the biology of perinatal HIV transmission, the HIV burden of the mother, effectiveness of her immune response and that of her fetus/infant and the integrity of the placental "barrier" are likely to play important roles in this process. The role of impaired immunologic control of HIV is gaining recognition as a potential key element in the pathophysiology of perinatal HIV transmission. In most studies to date, advanced maternal disease and low CD4 lymphocyte count have been associated with increased risk of vertical HIV transmission. In addition some studies have indicated that low maternal titers of antibodies to certain V3 loop epitopes may have a similar effect on vertical transmission. Cellular immune responses, which are known to play an important role in host defense against HIV, appear to be impaired in infants after exposure to HIV, especially those responses involving the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Mounting evidence suggests that enhancement of humoral and/or cellular immune responses in pregnant women and exposed infants is a logical and potentially feasible approach to interruption of perinatal transmission (an approach similar to that utilized for perinatally acquired hepatitis B virus infection). Studies are now in progress to assess HIV hyperimmune globulin and envelope HIV vaccines in pregnant woman and HIV-exposed infants.
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PMID:Immune-based interventions in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection. 799 49

The CD4:CD8 ratio in peripheral T lymphocytes was determined in 123 Papua New Guineans aged over 5 years from Rumginae, a rural area of the Western Province. 18 people had a ratio less than 1.0. No antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV 1) was found within the group. Hepatitis B surface antigen was more commonly associated with a CD4:CD8 ratio less than 1.0 than were microfilaraemia or a positive Mantoux test. Hepatitis B infection may be one of the causes of the CD4:CD8 ratio reduction within the community. Irrespective of the cause, other studies in Papua New Guinea have shown that a CD4:CD8 ratio less than 1.0 may result more from an increase in the CD8 cell count than a reduction in the CD4 cell count.
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PMID:A study of the CD4: CD8 ratio in peripheral T lymphocytes of rural Papua New Guineans: a reduced ratio assessed with regard to infectious agents. 805 46

The availability of monoclonal-antibody-purified factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates allows us to test the hypothesis, based on in vitro observations, that their use in HIV seropositive haemophiliacs would result in a difference in the rate of deterioration of immune function. We designed a multicentre, prospective, randomised, controlled study of symptom-free HIV-infected patients with haemophilia A who were assigned to receive either an intermediate-purity or monoclonal-antibody-purified product. All had CD4 lymphocyte counts of 100-600/microL, were negative for hepatitis B surface antigen, had not received any antiretroviral or immunomodulating drugs before study entry, and had previously received replacement therapy with intermediate purity FVIII concentrates. Use of antiretroviral therapy was permitted. 60 patients were recruited and 30 were assigned to each group. 35 completed the 3 year study, 20 in the monoclonal arm and 15 in the intermediate-purity arm. Among those completing the study, there were no differences between the two groups in the occurrence of AIDS-defining diagnoses (1 in each group). There were, however, striking and significant differences in terms of changes in absolute CD4 counts. The group receiving monoclonal-antibody-purified concentrates had essentially stable counts while a significant drop was observed in the group receiving intermediate-purity FVIII. These differences were independent of the use of antiretroviral therapy. These observations support the use of high-purity concentrates in the treatment of symptom-free HIV-positive patients with haemophilia A, and they should be taken into account along with cost, by doctors making therapeutic decisions.
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PMID:Three-year randomised study of high-purity or intermediate-purity factor VIII concentrates in symptom-free HIV-seropositive haemophiliacs: effects on immune status. 810 16

We report the case of a patient suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hepatitis B and D virus-related cirrhosis of the liver who was diagnosed as subclinical Crohn's disease. We attribute this clinical course to abnormality of intestinal immune system induced by the human immunodeficiency virus. Concomitant hepatitis B and D virus infection may have contributed. This observation supports the hypothesis of helper-inducer T cells (CD4 T cells) having a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of Crohn's disease and its clinical expression.
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PMID:[Subclinical Crohn disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. 812 96


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