Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clones of HBsAg-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were obtained from PBM of a hepatitis B immunized individual whose PBM proliferated when cultured with HBsAg. Lymphocytes were activated by culturing for 2 weeks with HBsAg and high concentrations of IL-2, then cloned in the presence of irradiated HBsAg-activated PBM and autologous EBV-transformed B cells, together with antigen and IL-2. All clones examined exhibited proliferation in an antigen-specific manner. Of 7 clones examined by flow cytometry, 4 were CD4+, CD8-; and 3 were CD4-, CD8+. Several clones produced IL-2 activity after stimulation with HBsAg. Since development of CD8+ T-cell clones specific for soluble antigens has been difficult, the high frequency with which CD8+ cells were cloned in these experiments suggests that the cloning strategy employed may have general use for development of CD8+ clones, Availability of HBV-specific T cell clones of different phenotype may help elucidate the mechanisms of immunotolerance in HB infection.
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PMID:[Preliminary study on HBsAg-specific T cell clones]. 252

Of 693,000 volunteer blood donors in Washington, D.C., who were screened for infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from July 1985 through December 1988, 284 tested positive on both enzyme immunoassay and Western blot assay. To determine the clinical importance of confirmed positive test results in asymptomatic blood donors, we followed 156 donors with positive Western blot assays and 80 donors with positive enzyme immunoassays but negative or indeterminate Western blots at 6-month intervals for a mean of 28 months. As compared with Western blot-negative persons, those with positive Western blots were significantly more likely to be black, male, and first-time donors and to have a history of venereal disease, generalized lymphadenopathy on examination, CD4-cell counts lower than 0.4 x 10(9) per liter, IgG levels higher than 18 g per liter, and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen on initial evaluation. In 17 (11 percent) of the Western blot-positive donors, the disease progressed to Class IV (symptomatic disease), according to the Centers for Disease Control system. CD4 counts below 0.2 x 10(9) per liter, IgA levels above 4 g per liter, abnormal proliferative responses to tetanus toxoid, and positive viral cultures were the strongest predictors of disease progression. Among the 80 donors with repeatedly reactive assay results but either negative or indeterminate Western blot assays, there was no evidence of HIV exposure in their histories, physical examinations, or laboratory evaluations, and manifestations of HIV infection developed in none of them. We conclude that a small number of persons with HIV infection continue to donate blood, despite attempts to exclude them, but that donors who test positive on enzyme immunoassay but persistently negative or indeterminate on Western blot assay probably do not represent a risk for the transmission of HIV.
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PMID:Clinical implications of positive tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in asymptomatic blood donors. 257 Oct 84

Twenty homosexual men [13 anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive, seven anti-HIV negative] without HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc were vaccinated with three 20 micrograms doses of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. All anti-HIV-positive homosexuals were nonresponders independent of the initial number of CD4-positive cells. Among seven anti-HIV-negative individuals, five responded. After three doses of the vaccine, CD4-positive cells fell in anti-HIV positive individuals by 22.4%. A similar fall in CD4-positive cells of an average 24.9% was noted in 17 matching, but nonvaccinated, anti-HIV-positive homosexuals. The study indicates that the efficacy of vaccination in anti-HIV-positive individuals is questionable. There is, however, no evidence that vaccination against hepatitis B might be harmful to anti-HIV-positive subjects.
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PMID:Active immunization of homosexual men using a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. 257 35

More than 50% of HIV-infected patients develop gastrointestinal symptoms. The HIV-induced damage of the mucosa-associated immune system (reduction of CD4-positive cells in the lamina propria) leads to an increased risk of opportunistic infections (Candida, Herpes simplex virus, Cytomegalovirus, Cryptosporidia, Isospora belli, Strongyloides stercoralis, Mycobacteria) and the development of malignant tumors (Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma). 70% of patients with gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma succumb to opportunistic infections within two years. Furthermore, HIV infection promotes the persistence of hepatitis B virus. Although the risk for health care professionals to acquire HIV infection in hospital is minimal, cases of hospital acquired infection are well documented. Therefore when performing endoscopic examinations on HIV-infected patients protective measures such as the wearing of a cap, eye and mouth protection, gloves and a gown must not be neglected. Endoscopes must be disinfected in accordance to standardized procedures.
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PMID:[AIDS manifestations in the gastrointestinal tract]. 265 72

Peripheral T lymphocyte subpopulations were quantified in 24 alcoholic cirrhotic patients, 11 of them having anti-HBs and/or anti-HBc antibodies, and were compared with 35 healthy control subjects, 10 of them having anti-HBs and/or anti-HBc antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies utilized (OKT3, OKT4, OKT8 in simple staining, Leu 2 and Leu 15 in double staining) are considered as markers of mature (CD3), helper (CD4), cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8, Leu 2), suppressor (Leu [2+ 15+), and cytotoxic (Leu 2+ 15-) T cells. In cirrhotics, when compared to controls, the number of CD3 cells was reduced (p less than 0.01); the proportion of CD4 cells was within normal range, and that of CD8 cells diminished (p less than 0.001), contrasting with an increased proportion of Leu 2+ cells (p less than 0.01), related to an increased proportion of Leu 2+ 15+ cells. Leu 2+ 15- lymphocytes were within normal range. In control subjects, a decreased proportion of Leu 2+ 15+ cells was found (p less than 0.05) when Ac HBs and/or Ac HBc were present. In cirrhotics having at least one serologic marker of hepatitis B virus infection, when compared with negative ones, increased proportions of Leu 2+ (p less than 0.05) and Leu 2+ 15+ (p less than 0.05) cells were found. These results show that data concerning T lymphocyte subpopulations are conflicting when various types of antibodies are used. However, they suggest abnormalities of immune regulation, possibly a defect of T suppressor cell function. Hepatitis B virus infection probably modifies immune regulation in alcoholic cirrhosis, and perhaps in normal subjects.
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PMID:[Determination of sub-populations of circulating T lymphocytes in alcoholic cirrhosis using monoclonal antibodies OKT3, 4, 5, Leu 2 and Leu 15. Effect of hepatitis B virus infection]. 296 94

The kinetics of the cellular and humoral responses of 30 recipients of hepatitis B vaccine were studied. All individuals exerted an HBsAg blastogenic response sometime throughout the study period but the maximum response was detected on day 28 and 56. The removal of CD8+ cells enhanced significantly the HBsAg response at the times tested, whereas treatment with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, C' and anti-CD4+ C' had no effect. Vaccination also led to the depression of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) blastogenic response. This response was maximally suppressed 4 to 8 days after immunization at least for the primary and secondary responses and 28 days after the third dose of vaccine. The humoral response to HBsAg was detected only after the second dose of vaccine was given. The results suggest that a CD8+ cell controls the magnitude and intensity of the HBsAg blastogenic response, which may help to explain why several investigators had not been able to detect this response in hyperimmunized individuals. Primary immunization with HBsAg does lead to an expansion of B memory since a secondary response anti-HBsAg was observed.
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PMID:Humoral and cellular immune responses by normal individuals to hepatitis B surface antigen vaccination. 296

The production in vitro of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers was studied after each of the three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. An in vitro hepatitis B surface antigen antibody response was successfully induced in 12% of the specimens taken over a 7 month period. The response to this antigen was induced in additional samples if cells had been treated previously with anti-CD4 and complement or anti-CD8 and complement prior to culture initiation. The addition of interleukin 2 could also induce the formation of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen. The results suggest that the antibody response to hepatitis B surface antigen is complex and varies depending on the individual and time of sampling.
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PMID:Induction of the in vitro anti-HBs response by hepatitis B surface antigen. 297 20

Eleven patients with hepatitis B (HB) virus related chronic hepatitis were treated with recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2). Two hundred and fifty to 1000 units were given intravenously once daily for seven to 28 days. In five patients serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity rose transiently. Six patients showed a decrease in HBV DNA polymerase. One patient lost HBs, e antigens (Ags) and gained anti-HBs, e antibodies, while one lost HBs Ag and another HBe Ag. 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase activity in mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood did not change during treatment. The number of CD4 positive (helper/inducer) cells and natural killer cell activity increased after therapy (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01). These results suggest that rIL 2 acts as an immunomodulatory agent enhancing host immune activity and may be beneficial in patients with chronic HB virus infection.
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PMID:Effect of recombinant interleukin 2 on hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic hepatitis. 350 87

To identify the prognostic significance of hemophilia- and virus-related factors, the authors undertook a survival analysis among 644 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects enrolled in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study between 1985 and 1993. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was the leading cause of death, followed by hemorrhage and hepatic disease. Adverse prognostic factors included older age and CD4-positive lymphocyte values below 14 percent either at entry (age-adjusted mortality rate ratio (RR) = 6.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.4-12.1) or after entry (time-dependent RR = 4.2, 95% CI 2.6-6.7); indeterminate antibody responses to hepatitis C virus (RR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.8-5.0); and inhibitory antibodies to factor VIII concentrates (RR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.1). Indeterminate hepatitis C virus status was associated with mortality from hepatic disease but not with AIDS mortality. Factors that were not prognostic included duration of HIV infection, hepatitis B virus infection, and other hemophilia variables. These findings suggest that fatal liver disease among coinfected subjects with an indeterminate hepatitis C virus status is probably related to an insufficient humoral response secondary to HIV immune dysfunction and that the risk of death among HIV-infected subjects is best evaluated with age and duration of low CD4 percentage.
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PMID:Prognostic factors for all-cause mortality among hemophiliacs infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 763 34

A 48-year-old male patient was admitted with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (stage III, Centers for Disease Control 1993) and viremic hepatitis B. Blood CD4 count was 15/microliters. Discontinuation of prednisolone, previously prescribed by the patient's family practitioner because of elevated liver enzymes, resulted in severe hepatitis (alanine aminotransferase > 300U/l). Administration of interferon-alpha (9 x 10(6) U s.c. 3 x weekly) was initiated. Serum markers of viral replication disappeared, and aminotransferase levels returned to normal within a few weeks. The patient's serum was found negative for HBsAg after 3 months. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver biopsies before and during interferon therapy showed disappearance of all hepatitis B virus antigens and a marked reduction in inflammatory activity. Hepatitis B virus seroconversion remained stable until the patient died from the syndrome 2 years later. This case shows that in spite of severe HIV-associated immune deficiency with CD4 counts constantly below 100/microliters, interferon-alpha can lead to sustained serological and histological improvement of viremic hepatitis B. Previous administration and discontinuation of cortisone may have helped to reach this effect.
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PMID:Sustained elimination of hepatitis B virus from serum induced in a patient with chronic hepatitis B and advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. 771 10


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