Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prevention against the transmission of the HIV must be universal today, which means that it applies to all patients. Blood, tissues, the CSF are infected, but nasal secreta, tears and saliva are not contaminated unless they contain blood. The statistical risk of an HIV serological conversion when making an injection is an estimate of 0.1 to 0.3%, one hundred times less than with the hepatitis B virus. The best protection for maxillofacial surgeons, who are very exposed by the manipulation of objects (needle, wires) and by considerable projections of blood (rotary motor) is not a systematic HIV serological test for all patients, but goggles with side screens, a double pair of gloves and the use of an antiseptic acting on the HIV in case of staining.
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PMID:[The maxillofacial surgeon faced with the HIV-positive patient: risks and prevention]. 150 50

To investigate whether an intravenously administered compound of the IgG class is able to penetrate the CSF barrier despite its high molecular weight, 12 hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)-negative patients received 20 ml each of a beta-propiolactone-treated IgG compound with a high anti-HBs titer (1:115,000) as a marker. 8 had an inflammatory CSF syndrome. In cases of inflammatory CSF syndromes, significantly more marked IgG crossed the blood-brain barrier, this could be of considerable clinical importance.
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PMID:Investigation of the blood-brain barrier for IgG in inflammatory syndromes of the central nervous system. 637 94

Injection of low doses of particulate hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg) into H-2d mice without adjuvants primes an Ld-restricted, S28-39-specific T cell response. This study indicates that dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (M phi) both serve as APCs that support priming of CD8+ CTL precursors in vivo to exogenous HBsAg particles. After transfer into a syngeneic, naive host, HBsAg particle-pulsed DC, either freshly purified from skin or derived from a cloned DC line, efficiently primed class I-restricted, HBsAg-specific CTL precursors. M phi, either harvested from the peritoneal cavity or generated in macrophage-CSF-stimulated bone marrow cell cultures in vitro or derived from established, cloned M phi lines (PU5-1.8, J774A.1), pulsed with HBsAg particles in vivo or in vitro, elicited a class I-restricted, HBsAg-specific CTL response after adoptive transfer into naive hosts. The class I-restricted CTL response induced by HBsAg particle immunization was suppressed in carrageenan-treated mice, but was restored when carrageenan-treated mice were immunized with syngeneic, HBsAg-pulsed M phi. Selective elimination of M phi by liposome-incorporated dichloromethylene-diphosphonat did not suppress the induction of a CTL response of H-2d mice by HBsAg particle immunization. HBsAg-pulsed, freshly prepared DC are more potent than pulsed M phi in priming class I-restricted CTL in vivo. The relative importance of both types of APC in priming CTL remains to be resolved.
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PMID:Exogenous hepatitis B surface antigen particles processed by dendritic cells or macrophages prime murine MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. 756 Oct 24

A 43-year-old male with 2 episodes of sensory impairments in four extremities and liver dysfunction, developed an acute exacerbation of both sensory impairments and liver dysfunction after administration of interferon-alpha. On admission, neurological examination revealed a mild distal weakness of four extremities, moderate impairment of superficial sensation in hands and severe impairment of deep sensation and areflexia in all extremities. Routine laboratory tests were normal except for a mild liver dysfunction. His serum was positive for antinuclear antibody, but negative for anti-DNA antibody and LE-test. Since he was seropositive for hepatitis B (HB) c antibody but seronegative for HBs antigen and antibody, HBe antigen and antibody, he was considered to be a seroconverted carrier of HB virus. Liver biopsy revealed chronic active hepatitis with marked lymphocytic infiltration. CSF examinations were within normal limits. Sensory conduction studies of median and sural nerves showed no response, but motor conduction studies of median and peroneal nerves were within normal limits. Light and electron microscopic examination of biopsied sural nerve disclosed a moderate decrease in large myelinated fibers, but not in either small myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. Thin-layer chromatography with immunostaining showed the presence of anti-GQ1b antibody in his serum. The anti-GQ1b antibody did not react with GT1a. Oral administration of prednisolone alleviated liver dysfunction, muscle weakness and superficial sensory impairment of four extremities, but not in deep sensation.
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PMID:[Acute relapsing sensory-dominant polyneuropathy associated with anti-GQ1b antibody and autoimmune hepatitis]. 782 Sep 62

Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) has been shown to augment antigen presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro, and to increase antibody responses to injected antigens in experimental animals. To evaluate the usefulness of rhGM-CSF as a vaccine adjuvant, 108 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive an injection of rhGM-CSF (n = 81) or placebo (control group; n = 27), followed by an injection with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine into the same site. During the study period of 28 days, protective antibody titers to hepatitis surface antigen (anti-HBs10 mIU ml-1) were observed in 11 of 81 subjects receiving rhGM-CSF, but in none of the controls (P = 0.035). Injections were well tolerated. A single i.m. or s.c. injection of 20-40 micrograms of rhGM-CSF significantly enhances antibody responses when given at the same site as recombinant hepatitis B vaccination.
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PMID:Evaluation of tolerability and antibody response after recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and a single dose of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. 896 5

We presented a case of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (AI-CAH). This is the third case report of neuropathy in AI-CAH. A 64-year-old male with chronic liver dysfunction was admitted to the hospital because of high fever, distal weakness and sensory disturbance of all extremities, bilateral facial weakness and dysphagia. On neurologic examination, there was bilateral weakness of the upper and lower facial muscles, bulbar palsy and severe distal weakness of all extremities. The deep tendon reflexes were absent and the sensation of touch, pinprick, temperature, and vibration was impaired bilaterally symmetrically in all extremities. Serum biochemistry revealed hyperproteinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia and elevated liver enzymes. Rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody anti-smooth muscle antibody were positive. Serological tests for hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody hepatitis B core antibody, and hepatitis C antibody were all negative. Serum anti-GM1, anti-GD1b, anti-GQ1b and anti-MAG antibodies were negative. Liver biopsy findings were consistent with AI-CAH with marked lymphocytic infiltration in the portal tracts. Albuminocytologic dissociation was noted in CSF. Motorconduction velocity of the median, ulnar and facial nerves were markedly reduced with temporal dispersion. No motor response was evoked in the lower extremities. Needle electromyography revealed denervation and reinnervation potentials in the arm and leg. The sural nerve biopsy showed segmental de- and re-myelination and deposition of IgG components in endoneurium. Neurological symptoms and liver dysfunction improved with corticosteroid treatment. In this case, hypergammaglobulinemia associated with an exacerbation of AI-CAH may be responsible for the acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy through an unknown autoimmune mechanism.
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PMID:[A case of acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy associated with autoimmune-type chronic active hepatitis]. 950 66

In this study, we provide direct evidence that the magnitude and nature of the immune response to a DNA vaccine can be differentially regulated by codelivery of various mouse cytokine genes. Mice immunized with a hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA vaccine and the IL-12 or IFN-gamma gene exhibited a significant enhancement of Th1 cells and increased production of anti-HBV surface IgG2a Ab, as well as a marked inhibition of Th2 cells and decreased production of IgG1 Ab. In contrast, coinjection of the IL-4 gene significantly enhanced the development of specific Th2 cells and increased production of IgG1 Ab, whereas Th1 differentiation and IgG2a production were suppressed. Coinjection of the IL-2 or the granulocyte-macrophage-CSF gene enhanced the development of Th1 cells, while the development of Th2 cells was not affected, and the production of IgG1 and IgG2a Ab were both increased. The CTL activity induced by HBV DNA vaccination was most significantly enhanced by codelivery of the IL-12 or IFN-gamma gene, followed by the IL-2 or granulocyte-macrophage-CSF gene, whereas codelivery of the IL-4 gene suppressed the activity. When challenged with HBV surface Ag (HBsAg)-expressing syngeneic tumors, significant reduction of tumor growth was observed in mice that were coadministered the IL-12 gene but not the IL-4 gene. Taken together, these results demonstrate that application of a cytokine gene in a DNA vaccine formulation can influence the differentiation of Th cells as well as the nature of an immune response and may thus provide a strategy to improve its prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy.
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PMID:Development of Th1 and Th2 populations and the nature of immune responses to hepatitis B virus DNA vaccines can be modulated by codelivery of various cytokine genes. 957 May 50

The route of HIV transmission are now well defined. For health care workers the major occupational risk is from parenteral exposure to infected blood or other body fluids. To prevent such exposures, it would be prudent for HCWs to assume that all patients are potentially infected and a set of precautions applicable universally be followed in contacts with all patients. The provisions of "Universal Precautions" apply to blood, CSF, genital secretions and all body fluids. It is essential that barrier protection and washing of hands be practiced, body fluids be handled with care, correct sterilization and disinfection procedures be followed and a suitable system of waste disposal be evolved. Although the Universal Precautions have been useful in abating some of the more extreme behavior associated with treating AIDS patients and in establishing a rational approach to infection control, some of the recommendations have not been found to be efficacious or cost effective. Preventive measures recommend on the basis of demonstrated efficacy and aimed at routes of exposure that represent true risk are needed. The risks for occupational infection with blood borne pathogens have been a source of concern for health care workers (HCWs) because of their frequent and often substantial exposure to patient blood and body fluids. HCWs have long been identified as a group "at risk" for occupationally acquired Hepatitis B infection. With the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, both HCWs and policy makers have become increasingly concerned about occupational risk from blood borne infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Universal precautions--a critical review. 1013 Jul 67

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has shown promise as an adjuvant to improve the kinetics and magnitude of the immune response after vaccination. It was hypothesized that GM-CSF given intramuscularly (IM) with hepatitis B vaccine would result in increased seroconversion rates and antibody titers. In total, 108 healthy volunteers (18-45 years old) received recombinant hepatitis B vaccine IM at 0, 1, and 6 months and were randomized to receive either concurrent GM-CSF (80 or 250 microgram) or placebo IM with the first two vaccinations. The percentages of subjects achieving a protective level of antibody at day 56 were 58.3%, 58.8%, and 58.3% in the placebo and 80- and 250-microgram GM-CSF arms, respectively. The geometric mean titers of antibody measured on days 28, 56, and 189 were not statistically different between arms. GM-CSF given immediately before recombinant hepatitis B vaccination was safe and well tolerated but did not appear to provide significant adjuvant activity at this dose.
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PMID:Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an adjuvant for hepatitis B vaccination of healthy adults. 1055 62

Macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF), a condition newly recognized in France, is manifested by diffuse myalgias and characterized by highly specific myopathological alterations which have recently been shown to represent an unusually persistent local reaction to intramuscular injections of aluminium-containing vaccines. Among 92 MMF patients recognized so far, eight of them, which included the seven patients reported here, had a symptomatic demyelinating CNS disorder. CNS manifestations included hemisensory or sensorimotor symptoms (four out of seven), bilateral pyramidal signs (six out of seven), cerebellar signs (four out of seven), visual loss (two out of seven), cognitive and behavioural disorders (one out of seven) and bladder dysfunction (one out of seven). Brain T(2)-weighted MRI showed single (two out of seven) or multiple (four out of seven) supratentorial white matter hyperintense signals and corpus callosum atrophy (one out of seven). Evoked potentials were abnormal in four out of six patients and CSF in four out of seven. According to Poser's criteria for multiple sclerosis, the diagnosis was clinically definite (five out of seven) or clinically probable multiple sclerosis (two out of seven). Six out of seven patients had diffuse myalgias. Deltoid muscle biopsy showed stereotypical accumulations of PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)-positive macrophages, sparse CD8+ T cells and minimal myofibre damage. Aluminium-containing vaccines had been administered 3-78 months (median = 33 months) before muscle biopsy (hepatitis B virus: four out of seven, tetanus toxoid: one out of seven, both hepatitis B virus and tetanus toxoid: two out of seven). The association between MMF and multiple sclerosis-like disorders may give new insights into the controversial issues surrounding vaccinations and demyelinating CNS disorders. Deltoid muscle biopsy searching for myopathological alterations of MMF should be performed in multiple sclerosis patients with diffuse myalgias.
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PMID:Central nervous system disease in patients with macrophagic myofasciitis. 1133 99


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