Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since 1986 health authorities in the Netherlands advise to vaccinate preterm infants at similar age as term infants, without correction for their shortened gestational age. This advice was based on a study, which showed comparable immune responses after DTP vaccination in preterm and term infants. To assess the immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccination not corrected for gestational age in preterm infants, we compared the antiHBs titer after hepatitis B vaccination in 44 preterm infants with the antiHBs titer in 829 term infants. More than 95% of the preterm infants developed an adequate immune response (> 10 IU/l antiHBs), irrespective the vaccination scheme which varied in vaccine dose, the number of vaccinations and the onset of the first vaccination. The percentage preterm infants with an antiHBs titer > 10 IU/l (98%) was not different of the corresponding percentage of term infants (98%). Similarly, no difference between preterm and term infants was observed when an antiHBs value of 100 IU/l was considered a positive response, neither when active immunisation started at month 0 or month 3. The geometric mean titre at 12 months of age was considered.
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PMID:[Premature infants and hepatitis B vaccination. Study Group Prevention Neonatal Hepatitis B]. 144 May 51

Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine were given at 2, 4 and 9 months of age to 220 Senegalese infants living in the Dakar area of Senegal. Half of the infants received 5 micrograms plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine (Hevac B) and the remainder 20 micrograms mammalian cell-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (GenHevac B). Both vaccines contain S and pre-S2 encoded proteins; however, the recombinant vaccine had a much higher pre-S2 content than the plasma-derived vaccine. Adverse reactions to both vaccines were limited to mild and transient soreness at the injection site. Fever was reported in 14-21% of the infants and was likely to be related to DTP-polio vaccine which was given simultaneously. After the two first doses, seroconversion rates and geometric mean titres of anti-HBs were higher in infants receiving the recombinant vaccine than in infants receiving the plasma-derived vaccine. After completion of vaccination, all infants in both groups had protective levels of anti-HBs antibodies. The recombinant vaccine induced more rapidly antibodies directed against S and pre-S2 epitopes. Anti-pre-S2 antibodies were detected after the first injection of GenHevac B and only after the third injection of Hevac B. From the data, GenHevac B vaccine is expected to be as effective as Hevac B vaccine for controlling hepatitis B infection.
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PMID:Comparative immunogenicity in children of mammalian cell-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine. 153 40

Vaccines have given health care providers control over a substantial portion of the morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Global efforts have immunized two-thirds of the world's children with DTP and polio vaccines; 72% have received BCG and 59% measles vaccine; but only 29% of pregnant women have received two doses of tetanus toxoid. In addition, vaccines against yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis B, rubella, and mumps and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine are being used in specific regions of the world. New vaccine candidates will enhance the vaccine armamentarium over the next decade to include the causes of pneumonia, diarrhea, and meningitis: Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal and meningococcal protein conjugate vaccines, typhoid and rotavirus vaccine. Genetically engineered vaccine vehicles, genetic reassortants, and genetic deletions are being investigated as new vaccine candidates.
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PMID:Vaccine-preventable disease and immunization in the developing world. 219 Jan 45

In most developing countries hepatitis B virus is endemic and prevention has to be carried out early in life and on a mass scale. In these regions, simultaneous administration of multiple antigens is normal practice. We have therefore, investigated the interaction of hepatitis B vaccine with DTP-Polio vaccine. Studies include the immune response post one and two injections to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, pertussis and hepatitis B surface antigen. The vaccines were given simultaneously or not at a 6 months interval. The immune response to HBsAg vaccine and DTP-Polio vaccine injected simultaneously was equal to the immune response observed after administration of vaccines alone. Moreover, no adverse reactions were noted. This trial also demonstrated that immunization with two doses of DTP-Polio vaccine, containing 30 Lf of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, at a 6 months interval is sufficient to obtain a very good immune response.
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PMID:Simultaneous administration of diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis/polio vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine in a simplified immunization programme. 288 21

A study was conducted in the rural areas of Senegal to assess the immunogenic effect of 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine with a 6-month interval followed by a booster dose after another month and to compare them with those obtained using 2 doses of a vaccine with a 2-month interval or 3 doses at 1-month intervals. The study population of infants received 3 injections of hepatitis B vaccine at 6-month intervals (T0, T6, and T12, respectively), with the 3rd dose as a booster. Other vaccines also were administered to subsets of children: BCG and diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis-polio (DTP-polio) at T0 and DTP-polio at T6 and T12. 664 infants received the 1st dose of hepatitis B vaccine, 409 the 2nd dose, and 177 the 3rd dose. Blood samples were taken at the time of each injection and in the case of 89 infants also 2 months after the last (booster) dose. Only 26.7% of the infants completed the entire series of injections. Only results from infants who were seronegative at T0 are presented, i.e., 281 infants at T6, 116 at T12, and 65 at T14. At T0 the mean age of the seronegative infants was 10.2 months and that of the seropositive infants with anti-HB antibodies was 7.4 months. The mean age of infants who were only anti-HBc-positive was 4.8 months and that of infants who were already HBsAg-positive at T0 was 14.3 months. The results were compared with those reported for 2 other groups of Senegalese infants: 72 seronegative infants who were immunized using a protocol of 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine with a 2-month interval; and 111 seronegative infants immunized using 3 doses at 1-month intervals. Both groups also received a booster 12 months after the 1st dose. The anti-HBs response was determined 6 months after the T0 dose of hepatitis B vaccine for the 281 infants who were seronegative. 185 of these children (65.8%) exhibited anti-HB antibodies, but the geometric mean titre (GMT) was only 6.1 mlU/ml. The anti-HBs response of the 116 infants who received the 2nd dose of vaccine was determined when the 3rd (booster) injection was given (T12): 104 were positive for anti-HBs (89.7%), and the anti-HBs GMT was 83.7 mlU/ml. Assay of blood samples from 65 infants 2 months after the booster dose indicated that 62 (95.4%) had anti-HBs antibodies, the anti-HBs GMT reaching 348 mlU/ml. The study results establish that infants administered two 5-mcg doses of hepatitis B vaccine with a 6-month interval exhibit a seroconversion rate and antibody levels comparable to those produced using a protocol comprising 2 doses with a 2-month interval or 3 doses at 1-month intervals.
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PMID:Clinical trial of hepatitis B vaccine in a simplified immunization programme. 295 Oct 32

Passive immunization is available against rabies, varicella, tetanus and hepatitis A and B. Active immunization is, in general, more efficacious with live attenuated viruses than with many of the bacterial vaccines. Toxoids, too, are very effective immunizing agents. Immunization usually starts at two months of age with DTP and oral poliovirus vaccine. For patients at high risk for secondary complications, influenza and pneumococcal immunizations are advisable. Hepatitis B vaccine is now available for persons at high risk because of their occupations.
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PMID:Immunization update. 682 79

Inactivated and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccines contain either formalin-inactivated or live, attenuated poliovirus, respectively, of the three serotypes. Interference among the three attenuated poliovirus serotypes was minimized with a "balanced-formulation" vaccine, and serologic responses after IPV were optimized by adjusting the antigenic content of each inactivated poliovirus serotype. Seroconversion is dependent on both the relative content as well as the absolute quantity of virus in the vaccine. The "gold standard" method to assess humoral antibody responses following vaccination is the neutralization assay. Any detectable titer of neutralizing antibody against poliovirus is considered protective against clinical paralytic diseases. Recently, standard procedures were adopted for conducting neutralization assays. Efforts are being undertaken now to develop a combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine and IPV vaccine in the United States using a dual-chambered syringe that mixes the content of both vaccines at the time of injection; this approach is necessary to overcome the potential detrimental effect of thimerosal on IPV (the preservative in DTP). Other vaccines that combine DTP and/or Haemophilus influenzae type b and/or hepatitis B with IPV appear feasible but require further investigation. New combination vaccines should induce similar or superior levels of neutralizing antibody in serum for individual protection against paralytic disease and mucosal immunity that effectively decreases viral replication in the intestine and pharynx for population protection against transmission of poliovirus.
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PMID:Defining surrogate serologic tests with respect to predicting protective vaccine efficacy: poliovirus vaccination. 762 65

The immunogenicity of a half (5 micrograms) and a full (10 micrograms) dosage of recombinant DNA yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine (HB-Vax-DNA) in healthy neonates was assessed in order to compare two candidate dosages of vaccine. After randomization 174 newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers entered the study. Neonates received four doses of either 10 or 5 micrograms hepatitis B vaccine, according to the DTP-polio immunization schedule at months 3, 4, 5 and 11. No serious adverse reactions were observed; 15.5% of vaccinated newborns suffered mild transient local symptoms. The vaccine was highly immunogenic irrespective of dosage of vaccine; all infants developed anti-HBs levels > or = 10 IU l-1, 99% > or = 100 IU l-1. A dosage of 10 micrograms hepatitis B vaccine produced higher antibody levels than 5 micrograms hepatitis B vaccine after primary vaccination (first three doses) but not after booster vaccination (fourth dose) (p = 0.06 and 0.75, respectively). Either vaccine dosage can be recommended for incorporation in the Expanded Programme on Immunization in the Netherlands.
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PMID:Immunogenicity of two different dosages (10 and 5 micrograms) of recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in healthy neonates. 785 98

The Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII) was initiated to increase vaccination coverage among 2-year-old children. The 1996 objective is to have at least 90% coverage for four of the five critical vaccines routinely recommended for children (i.e., one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine [MMR] and at least three doses each of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine [DTP], oral poliovirus vaccine, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine [Hib]), and at least 70% coverage for three doses of hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B) (1). These objectives are an interim step toward the year 2000 goal of at least 90% coverage for the recommended series of vaccinations and are being monitored on an ongoing basis. This report presents national estimates of vaccination coverage among 2-year-old children derived from provisional data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the first quarter of 1994 and compares these with the last two quarters of 1993.
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PMID:Vaccination coverage of 2-year-old children--United States, January-March, 1994. 786 81

The need for an additional dose of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) was studied by comparing infants receiving 1 ml HBIg at birth followed by hepatitis B immunization, concomitant with DTP-polio vaccine, at 3, 4, 5 and 11 months (schedule E), with infants receiving the same schedule with additional HBIg at 3 months (schedule F). The immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (20 micrograms) was evaluated in 195 infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers allocated to groups E and F and compared with historic controls who received plasma vaccine (10 micrograms) according to schedule F. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12 and 24 months of age. No difference in efficacy between the two schedules was observed; 8 and 6% of infants born to HBeAg-positive HBsAg carrier mothers in groups E and F, respectively, became HBsAg carriers. Passively acquired antibodies at birth remained present for about 5 months in most infants. The seroprotection rates (anti-HBs > or = 10 IU l-1) were over 90% at all time points and similar for groups E and F. The titres of anti-HBs attained during the first 6 months were statistically lower (p < or = 0.02) for group E than for group F but similar thereafter. Anti-HBs titres in infants receiving the recombinant vaccine were significantly lower than in infants receiving the plasma vaccine (p << 0.001). Supplemental doses of HBIg in infants receiving a high dose of HBIg ( > 200 IU) at birth and the first dose of vaccine at the age of 3 months are not advised.
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PMID:Anti-HBs levels in infants of hepatitis B carrier mothers after delayed active immunization with recombinant vaccine concomitant with DTP-polio vaccine: is there need for a second dose of HBIg? Dutch Study Group on Prevention of Neonatal Hepatitis B. 799 13


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