Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study of the e determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen in an area of hepatitis B hyperendemicity revealed that the presence of e antigen or of antibody to e in the sera of individuals was specifically related to evidence of past or present infection with hepatitis B virus. Among asymptomatic long-term carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, presence of the e antigen was associated with elevated levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases in serum; this observation suggested that the e antigen might be a marker for persisting hepatic dysfunction. Higher levels of DNA polymerase found in carriers of the surface antigen with e antigen suggested that these individuals might have a higher level of circulating Dane particles and thus, perhaps, a higher level of hepatitis B virus infectivity.
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PMID:Relation of e antigen to hepatitis B virus infection in an area of hyperendemicity. 5 11

Non-A, non-B hepatitis was transmitted to four colony-born chimpanzees by intravenous inoculation of human sera. Two chimpanzees were inoculated with serum from a patient with a clinical and serological diagnosis of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis whose blood appeared to transmit this disease to a nurse following accidental needle-stick, and the other two chimpanzees were inoculated with serum from either of two former blood-donors whose HBsAg-negative blood appeared to transmit clinically recognisable hepatitis, and who were found to have raised serum-aminotransferase levels 1 1/2 and 5 years later. Serum-aminotransferase levels rose in all four chimpanzees, beginning 2--4 weeks after inoculation: peak alanine-aminotransferase values were 210 to 328 I.U./l. Evidence of hepatitis was present in liver biopsy specimens from all four chimpanzees, beginning 8--10 weeks after inoculation. None showed serological evidence of infection with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus.
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PMID:Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis from man to chimpanzee. 7 18

During a total population survey of viral hepatitis in the London Boroughs of Hounslow, Richmond and Ealing, 784 patients were seen in three years from 1 March 1972 to 28 February 1975. A diagnosis of viral hepatitis was accepted in 489. The annual incidence was 24 per 100 000. 455 of the patients were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by a radioimmunoassay technique and 93 (20%) of these were positive. The majority of the patients with type B hepatitis were in their third or fourth decades. None was under the age of 16. The male to female ratio among patients with hepatitis B was 2 to 1 in those under the age of 30 and 5 to 1 in those aged 30 and over. The seasonal distribution of viral hepatitis showed a peak in the spring, solely from an increased incidence of non-B hepatitis, and a second, smaller peak in the autumn. There was no appreciable clustering of patients except for one local outbreak in a housing estate during the first year affecting mainly children going to the same primary school, and their parents. Patients with hepatitis B had a longer pre-icteric illness (p less than 0.05), greater duration of jaundice (p less than 0.001) and higher peak levels of serum bilirubin (p less than 0.0005) and serum alanine amino transferase (A1T) (p less than 0.03) than patients with non-B hepatitis. The finding of the surface antigen was also associated with a higher frequency of skin rash (p less than 0.0005) and a greater duration of arthralgia (p less than 0.03). Among the HBsAg negative patients the incidence of arthralgia increased with age (p less than 0.0005). Abdominal pain (p less than 0.005) and vomiting (p less than 0.005) were more common in the young. The injection experience of patients with hepatitis B showed a high proportion of 'non-therapeutic' exposure such as drug addiction. Significantly more HBsAg positive men were single than in the local community (p less than 0.001) or among the HBsAg negative men (p less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the proportions of single women among the antigen positive and negative patients. Many of the HBsAg positive single men were either known to be or strongly suspected of being homosexual. The ad subtype of the HBsAg was found more often in males (p less than 0.01), particularly over the age of 30. All eight drug addicts tested for subtype were ay, as were two non-addicted female consorts. The association between addiction and ay subtype was highly significant in the males (p less than 0.001). The ad subtype was found in all 11 of the admitted homosexual HBsAg positive men and in all but one of the 17 strongly suspected of being homosexual.
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PMID:A three-year survey of viral hepatitis in West London. 71 74

To determine whether the use of ethyl alcohol (ethanol, C2H5OH) may increase the liver damage caused by hepatitis B virus infection, ethanol was infused into four chimpanzees on one or two occasions during the course of natural or experimentally induced hepatitis B virus infections. A fifth chimpanzee, without active hepatitis B virus infection, served as a control. Moderate elevations of serum aspartate or alanine aminotransferases occurred in four of the five chimpanzees, including the control chimpanzee, in direct association with ethanol infusion; pre-existing enzyme elevations persisted in a fifth chimpanzee. No alteration occurred in the titers of hepatitis B surface antigen or of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in three of the four infected chimpanzees. There was no significant alteration in the course of hepatitis B virus infection by ethanol infusion in these chimpanzees.
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PMID:Effect of ethanol during hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees. 73 Dec 11

The minimal amino acid sequence sufficient to be recognized efficiently by virus-attachment inhibiting murine monoclonal anti-preS1 antibody MA18/7 has been determined. We have constructed a recombinant gene library using the cloned coat protein gene of Escherichia coli RNA bacteriophage fr as a carrier. Different fragments of preS1 region from cloned hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes, subtype ayw and adw, were inserted at position 2 of the 129 amino acid-long fr coat protein gene in the appropriate E. coli expression vectors. Fine mapping of preS1 epitope recognized by MA18/7 was accomplished by bidirectional shortening of the preS1 within original recombinant preS-fr coat protein genes with Bal31 exonuclease. Immunoblot analysis of the obtained recombinant protein library revealed that the tetrapeptide Asp-Pro-Ala-Phe (DPAF), located at the position preS(31-34) and conserved in all known HBV genomes, is sufficient to bind MA18/7 antibody. Recognition of the preS1 region by MA18/7 occurred irrespective of the amino acid context surrounding this DPAF tetrapeptide. Further shortening of this minimal epitope from the left or from the right side completely prevented antibody binding in immunoblots.
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PMID:Determination of the minimal length of preS1 epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody which inhibits attachment of hepatitis B virus to hepatocytes. 127 69

The reference range of serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) for the local population was established by testing 5,000 random voluntary Chinese blood donors of various age groups of both sexes. In addition, 1,769 serum samples with elevated ALT levels were also collected for anti-HCV assays using both the Abbott and Ortho anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) assay kits. The relationship between serum ALT and anti-HCV tests was studied and the performances of both kits used were compared. It was found that while the prevalence of serum anti-HCV was 0.4% among hepatitis B surface antigen-negative donors with normal ALT, subjects with ALT between 2 and 3 standard deviations (SD) and greater than 3 SD above the mean level had respective prevalence of anti-HCV 3 and 9.5 times that of the normal ALT subjects. Both anti-HCV kits were found to identify in majority the same positive population among the different groups of subjects studied. In addition, it was observed that for subjects who were anti-HCV-positive, the higher the serum ALT level, the higher the mean anti-HCV ELISA ratio and this observation was similar for both anti-HCV kits used. We conclude that: (1) there is a direct relationship between serum ALT level and anti-HCV positivity by EIA; (2) there is a direct correlation between serum ALT level and anti-HCV ELISA ratio, and (3) both Abbott and Ortho anti-HCV kits perform similarly in the identification of positive serum samples.
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PMID:A study of hepatitis C virus antibodies and serum alanine amino transferase in blood donors in Hong Kong Chinese. 132 15

Earlier studies revealed that human interleukin 6 (IL-6) contains recognition sites for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope (env) protein, and that IL-6 and anti-IL-6 antibodies, respectively, inhibited the interaction of cells expressing a receptor for HBV with the preS(21-47) segment of the HBV env protein, encompassing the complementary attachment site for IL-6. This suggested that IL-6 mediates HBV-cell interactions. We report that: (a) Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human IL-6 cDNA and Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus carrying human IL-6 cDNA expressed receptors for the preS(21-47) region of the HBV env protein, indicating that expression of IL-6 on the surface of cells is sufficient to endow them with receptors for HBV. (b) Among peptides covering the entire sequence of human IL-6 and the corresponding antipeptide antibodies, the peptide IL-6[35-66] and anti-IL-6[35-66] most effectively inhibited the interaction between human hepatoma HepG2 cells and the preS(21-47) ligand, suggesting that this region of the human IL-6 sequence encompasses a binding site for the HBV env protein. (c) Studies with replacement set peptides from the preS(21-47) sequence indicated that residues 21-25, 28, 31, 33-35, 39, and 43-45 can be replaced by alanine (serine) residues, while all the other residues are essential for maintaining the cell receptor/IL-6 binding activity. Further delineation of complementary sites on IL-6 and on the HBV env protein may contribute to the design of compounds inhibiting HBV replication.
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PMID:Cells transfected with human interleukin 6 cDNA acquire binding sites for the hepatitis B virus envelope protein. 133 15

The T-cell response to hepatitis B virus envelope antigens was studied in 11 hepatitis B vaccine recipients; 7 were selected to analyze the fine specificity of the T-cell response to the preS1 antigen. Four distinct T-cell epitopes were identified by peripheral blood lymphomononuclear cell stimulation with a panel of short synthetic peptides covering the preS1 sequence. The immunodominance of the preS1 epitopes included within peptides 21-30 and 29-48 was shown by their capacity to restimulate an HLA class II restricted proliferative response of T cells primed with the whole preS1 antigen. Conversely, peptide-specific T cells selected by peripheral blood lymphomononuclear cell stimulation with peptides 21-30 and 29-48 were able to recognize the native preS1 molecule, confirming that these epitopes are actually generated by the intracellular processing of preS1. Finally, amino acid residues essential for T-cell activation by peptide 21-30 were identified using 10 analogues of the stimulatory peptide containing single alanine substitutions. These results may be relevant to the design of efficient synthetic vaccines against hepatitis B virus infection.
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PMID:Fine specificity of the human T-cell response to the hepatitis B virus preS1 antigen. 137 42

Residues 72-146 within hepatitis B core Ag (HBcAg) represent T-cell recognition site in HB-virus-infected man. This study was undertaken to define critical residues involved in the immunogenicity of dominant T-cell determinants of HBcAg. For this purpose, p120-131 and its analog (p120-131 [A] containing alanine substitutions at residues 122 and 125, which were identified as epitopic residues in mice, were synthesized. These peptides and recombinant HBcAg were analyzed for their ability to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 25 patients with chronic HBV infection and three patients with acute hepatitis B. PBMC from 18 out of 28 patients showed significantly increased IFN-gamma production and proliferative response in the presence of recombinant HBcAg. Eight patients responded to the two peptides, while 12 patients did not. Four patients responded only to p120-131, and four displayed a response only to p120-131 [A]. The responses to the two peptides were similar among HBeAg-positive and anti-HBe-positive patients, and did not depend on disease activity, except for HBeAg-positive asymptomatic carriers in whom there was no response to any additive. These results indicate that immune responses to p120-131 and its analog were similar in our patient groups. The dominant epitopic residues in this region of HBcAg may differ between man and mouse.
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PMID:Immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to antigenic determinants within hepatitis B core antigen in HB virus-infected man. 137 67

Amino acid residues 101 to 180 of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were predicted by sequencing the corresponding part of the S gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in 46 HBsAg-positive sera, which had been subtyped by immunodiffusion with respect to d/y, w/r, w1 to w4 and q. The sequences of the nine different HBV serotypes defined by these specificities were found to be homogeneous proving that they represent consistent variations of HBV at the genomic level. Residue 127 was found to be important as were Pro, Thr and Leu for w1/w2, w3 and w4, respectively. Five residues were found to differ between ayw1 and ayw2. These were at positions 134 (Phe instead of Tyr), 143 (Thr instead of Ser), 159 (Ala instead of Gly), 161 (Tyr instead of Phe) and 168 (Val instead of Ala). However, all these residues were shared by ayw1 and adw2, implying that Arg122 was also important for w1 expression. All genomes expressing r, apart from one ayr strain, had an Ile126, which might explain the pseudo-allelism of w1 to w4 in relation to r, since this substitution might influence the w epitope. There were two regions where adw4q- and adrq- differed from all the q+ subtypes. These were located at residues 158 and 159, and at residues 177 and 178, where both the q- subtypes had amino acid substitutions in adjacent positions. The mapping of the epitopes defining these antigenic specificities will help to link information on the world-wide distribution of HBsAg subtypes to future molecular epidemiology with regard to HBV.
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PMID:Molecular basis of hepatitis B virus serotype variations within the four major subtypes. 146 53


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