Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Exposure to bloodborne pathogens in the workplace creates acute anxiety in health care workers (HCWs); however, HCWs are at a greater risk for contracting the hepatitis B virus (HBV) than for contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 2. A postexposure management program (PEMP) provides an education of the risk of infection and risk-reduction techniques; a mechanism for assessment of the source patient's risk factors and for obtaining source patient HBV and HIV serologic status; a setting in which the HCW can be periodically and confidentially tested for HIV antibody; and a formal assessment of the HCW for AZT chemoprophylaxis. 3. As in other areas of nursing practice, it is possible to be exposed to potentially infectious body fluids when caring for older patients. It is important that health care providers protect themselves with hepatitis B immunization and decrease exposure risk by the rigorous practice of universal precautions with patients in all age groups.
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PMID:Bloodborne pathogens. Can you become infected from your older patient? 832 14

Sexually transmissible diseases (STD), caused by viruses are by far the most important ones, even though German legislation has ignored them up to now as STD. Anogenital herpes is easily diagnosed by means of monoclonal antibodies. This makes therapy available with acyclovir without delay in atypical cases or for example in persons with immunodeficiency. The therapy regimen usually is 5 x 200-400 mg/day. Recurrent herpes in high frequency and with severe pain may be successfully suppressed by 2-5 x 200 mg/day of acyclovir orally without serious side effects. This will not eliminate herpes viruses. Anogenital warts may look very different and occasionally cannot be detected before local application of 3% acetic acid. Histology is diagnostic. There are different strains causing diseases in men. Therapy of choice is destroying infected cells by CO2-laser coagulation. The incidence of hepatitis B in developed countries is decreasing slowly within the past years, this may partly be due to vaccines, that are available since the early eighties, producing immunity in about 95%. Treatment of chronic hepatitis with interferons seems to be beneficial. Infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their end stage disease AIDS are a growing problem all over the world. Interventions are possible with different nucleoside analogs, e. g. zidovudine (AZT), dideoxycytidine (DDC), dideoxyinosine (DDI). Up to now there is no agreement on when to start with one of the drugs and if or when to switch to combination therapy. Hopefully this may stabilize immunologic parameters and hold disease progression to some time.
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PMID:[Sexually transmitted diseases by herpes simplex, wart, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus]. 839 59

A 31-year-old male patient with an asymptomatic HIV infection but with a hepatitis B (HBV) related membraneous glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome was given interferon alpha-2b subcutaneously 3 times weekly for 7.5 months. Zidovudine was added at the 10th week due to low CD4+ cell counts. Before the 6th week of treatment the patient reported a reduced need for diuretics to keep his lower limb edemas at a minimum. This response was partially sustained even after the 7.5 months interferon treatment course. The titers of HBV-DNA decreased markedly during the treatment with interferon but rose to pretreatment levels after discontinuation of the interferon treatment. The serum albumin increased but the proteinuria and hematuria were unaffected. Adverse reactions like fever, myalgias and anemia were tolerable and did not require dose reduction of either interferon or zidovudine. This treatment regimen, at least temporarily, improved the situation for the patient and can be worthwhile to try in HIV-infected patients with HBV related nephritis with nephrotic syndrome.
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PMID:Interferon alpha-2b treatment in an HIV-infected patient with hepatitis B virus induced nephrotic syndrome. 846 Mar 37

Accidental exposure to blood carries with it a definite risk for the health care worker of infection by various bloodborne pathogens, especially the hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus. The risk of transmission from exposure to HIV is lower than that associated with exposure to HBV and HCV. Should HIV infection occur, however, the outcome is likely to be fatal. Although general infection control precautions, safer use of needles, gloves, and other procedures may substantially reduce the incidence of occupational exposures, they cannot eliminate the risk completely. The post-exposure management is discussed. Neither the efficacy nor the safety of AZT (zidovudine) for use as a chemoprophylactic agent following occupational exposures to HIV has been established. Nevertheless in selected cases it can be proposed to health care workers.
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PMID:["Needlestick" accidents--procedures following potentially infectious exposure in medical personnel]. 848 85

The effect of Azidothymidine (AZT) in vivo on the replication of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) was studied in a population of 25 patients chronically coinfected by HBV and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), and receiving AZT at the usual dosage. The drug effect was evaluated by sequential measurement of the HBV DNA level. No significant activity at short and medium term was found on HBV replication in either homosexuals or IV drug users chronically coinfected by HIV-1 and HBV.
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PMID:Absent inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by azidothymidine in patients chronically coinfected by HIV-1 and HBV. 872 13

A retrospective analysis of 99 hepatitis B-positive homosexual men with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was conducted to study the interaction of concurrent HIV infection on the course of their chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. All 99 subjects had chronic hepatitis B, 43 of whom were HIV antibody negative and 56 of whom were HIV antibody positive at the time of their initial presentation. Serial serum aminotransferase levels were used as an indirect estimate of the severity of hepatic inflammation. Factors that may influence the course of hepatitis B, HIV status, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) status, alcohol intake, and zidovudine (AZT) therapy were correlated with aminotransferase values. Overall, there was no difference in mean serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels between HIV antibody-negative and HIV antibody-positive patients. There is a higher prevalence rate of HBeAg in HIV antibody-positive patients (p < 0.05), and the seroconversion rate from HBeAg to HBeAb was lower in HIV antibody-positive patients compared with HIV antibody-negative patients (p < 0.05). However, reactivation rates from HBeAb to HBeAg were no different in the HIV antibody-positive and negative hepatitis B carriers. With mild, moderate, or heavy alcohol intake, we observed no statistically significant difference in mean serum alanine aminotransferase levels and no mean serum aspartate aminotransferase levels between HIV antibody-negative patients versus HIV antibody-positive patients. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the pattern of serum aminotransferase in those subjects treated with or without AZT. The mortality rates were higher in HIV antibody-positive patients (n = 8) compared with in HIV antibody-negative patients (n = 2). Seventy-five percent (n = 6) of the HIV antibody-positive patients died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and overall only two patients died of liver disease, one in each group. We conclude that there is no overt influence by HIV or the treatment thereof on the course of chronic HBV infection in a population of homosexual men. In HIV-infected patients, death from AIDS predominated; hence, the main target for therapy should be HIV rather than HBV.
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PMID:The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus infection and hepatitis B virus infection in infected homosexual men. 877 27

This is a case presentation of an accidental contaminated needle stick injury from a patient known to be infected with both Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis B. The patient was managed with prophylactic hepatitis B immune globulin, hepatitis B vaccination and the HIV retroviral drug zidovudine (AZT). At one year after treatment the patient was not infected with HIV or hepatitis B, and there was adequate immunity generated after vaccination for hepatitis B.
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PMID:Accidental HIV exposure. 967 72

The synthesis of a range of di- and triester derivatives of phosphonoformate (PFA; foscarnet) as potential lipophilic, membrane-soluble prodrugs is described. In addition to normal alkyl esters in the carboxylate and phosphonate residues of PFA, the bioreversible S-(pivaloyl)thioethyl (t-butyl-SATE) group was introduced in an attempt to deliver PFA after bioactivation inside the cells. Furthermore, PFA-AZT conjugates were prepared in order to develop combinational drugs. The key synthetic step was in all cases the formation of the P-C bond to build up the different PFA esters. In contrast to the diester derivatives, the triesters of PFA showed high hydrolytic instability during chromatographic purification. The compounds were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit viruses in several tissue culture systems. All PFA alkyl di- and triesters proved poorly active or inactive against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and inactive against hepatitis B virus. In contrast, the PFA-AZT conjugates exhibited significant anti-HIV activity. However, this activity was nearly completely lost in thymidine kinase-deficient cells, suggesting a fast unselective chemical hydrolysis of the conjugates to yield the nucleoside analogue AZT in the cell culture medium. Furthermore, no synergistic effect of PFA and AZT was observed.
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PMID:Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of SATE-foscarnet prodrugs and new foscarnet-AZT conjugates. 987 76

A variant of hepatitis B virus (HBV) containing a Met-to-Val substitution (M539V) in the YMDD motif of the polymerase nucleoside-binding domain exhibited resistance to the cytosine analogue lamivudine (3TC). To determine if the mutation responsible for the M539V polymerase variant affected the sensitivity of the virus to other nucleoside analogues, we constructed a tetracycline-responsive cell line, HepAD79. This cell line is stably transfected with a cDNA copy of the pregenomic RNA of an HBV genome containing an A-to-G mutation in the first position of the polymerase gene codon 539. This mutation results in a Met-to-Val substitution at amino acid 539 of the polymerase. When grown under the proper conditions, HepAD79 cells produced HBV RNA, contained HBV DNA associated with immature core particles and released core-associated HBV DNA into the medium. The M539V polymerase variant produced in this cell line was approximately 26-fold less sensitive to the antiviral effects of 3TC than wild-type virus. In addition, this variant demonstrated decreased sensitivity to the cytosine analogues FTC and ddC, as well as the thymidine analogue AZT.
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PMID:The hepatitis B virus M539V polymerase variation responsible for 3TC resistance also confers cross-resistance to other nucleoside analogues. 987 78

We report a case of simultaneous infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a 26-year-old Japanese homosexual man. He was admitted to our hospital for acute hepatitis caused by HBV. At that time, HIV-1antibody (Ab) was not detected in his serum. After 6 months, he was readmitted to our hospital for further examination of his liver because of confined liver enzyme abnormalities. Anti-HIV- Ab was detected in his serum by both enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) and particle agglutination (PA). His serum HIV-1 RNA level was 50 x 10(4) copies/ml and serum levels of HBV DNA polymerase (DNA-P) and HBV DNA were 6535cpm and 3 plus (>1000 copies/ml). His clinical course and laboratory data suggested progression from acute to chronic hepatitis related to coinfection with HIV-1. The diagnosis was chronic active hepatitis caused by HBV as an opportunistic infection due to coinfection with HIV-1. We began highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) because interferon (IFN) therapy was ineffective. HAART was started at an initial dosage of 600 mg zidovudine (AZT), 300 mg lamivudine (3TC), and 2400 mg indinavir (IDV) daily. After 4 weeks, the serum level of HBV DNA-polymerase (p) had decreased markedly to 37cpm and that of HIV-1 RNA had decreased to below the sensitivity threshold, indicating considerable suppression of the replication of these viruses by the treatment. But HBV DNA remained at low levels. Although the incidence of HBV infection in patients with HIV-1 infection has been reported to be high in the United States and Europe, simultaneous HBV and HIV-1 infection leading to persistent HBV infection is rare.
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PMID:Highly active antiretroviral therapy used to treat concurrent hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus infections. 1021 32


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