Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The outpatient management of patients infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome is reviewed. Patients with CD4+ cell counts of greater than 0.5 x 10(9)/L (500/mm3) require no specific intervention except vaccination against influenza, pneumococcus, and possibly hepatitis B. They should have a follow-up examination every 3 to 6 months. Because of its success in preventing the progression of the disease, zidovudine (AZT), 100 mg five times per day, is recommended for patients with CD4+ cell counts of less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L (500/mm3). During this stage of the disease, a patient should be seen every 1 to 3 months and monitored for drug toxicity and disease progression. Patients with CD4+ counts of less than 0.2 x 10(9)/L (200/mm3) are at high risk of developing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Prophylaxis with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (one double-strength tablet three times weekly) or dapsone (100 mg three times weekly) is recommended. Treatment costs for the patient with CD4+ cells less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L (500/mm3) are at least $3000 per year.
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PMID:Outpatient management of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 134 66

Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase is a viral enzyme that can use viral DNA as well as viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. Since both activities are essential for the production of new virus particles, blocking of this enzyme should reduce viral replication. In the present study the in vitro effect of zidovudine triphosphate on hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase activity and the in vivo effect of zidovudine on viral replication in chronic HBsAg-positive patients are investigated. Zidovudine triphosphate inhibited in vitro DNA polymerase activity by 50% at a concentration of 0.3 microM. Serum DNA polymerase activity was significantly reduced in 7 patients who received zidovudine (200 mg orally 4 times daily) for one week. A dose-response effect was suggested by the results found for 6 patients who received 100 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg orally 4 times daily for one week with 2 drug-free weeks between each course. We conclude that zidovudine may be of value for non-responders to alpha-interferon therapy or patients with high initial levels of viral replication prior to the start of interferon treatment.
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PMID:Zidovudine inhibits hepatitis B virus replication. 144 23

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be responsible for several types of vasculitis: leucocytoclastic vasculitis, granulomatous angiitis, angiitis associated with lymphoproliferative syndromes or necrotizing vasculitis including periarteritis nodosa (PAN). We report a case of PAN in a 62-year old HIV1-positive woman. The patient had no co-occurrent hepatitis B virus infection and was negative for antinuclear antibodies. She presented with sicca syndrome, necrotic purpura, myalgias and polyneuropathy. Skin, muscle and nerve biopsies showed signs of necrotizing vasculitis. Multiple microaneurysms typical of PAN were present on branches of the abdominal aorta. The symptoms due to vasculitis regressed after treatment with corticosteroids in bolus injections and plasmapheresis. AZT was not given owing to intolerance. The literature on vasculitis associated with HIV infection is reviewed.
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PMID:[Periarteritis nodosa-type vasculitis and infection with human immunodeficiency virus]. 167 17

Vaccines afford now good prevention of many viral diseases including Hepatitis B. In revenge, attempts of immunization against Herpes Virus types I and II did not result in large scale application of vaccination. Research for a vaccine against HIV encounters many difficulties due to virus variability and host reactions. The introduction of nucleosides analogues represented a great advance for antiviral chemotherapy. Weakly toxic drugs although efficacious against Herpes Virus replication are now available but they do not seem to prevent viral recurrences. As for HIV, its sensitivity to drugs like AZT has raised great hopes which were limited by their intrinsic toxicity. However, research and trials for more efficacious but less toxic drugs are further being developed.
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PMID:[Prevention and therapeutical trials of a few current viral diseases]. 196 1

Zidovudine triphosphate inhibits the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA polymerase (DNAp) in vitro. Serial measurements of serum HBV DNAp activity and HBV DNA were made in 14 consecutive male homosexual patients starting zidovudine for symptomatic HIV-1 infection. Median duration of treatment was 15 weeks (range 2-72). In the 13 patients with detectable DNAp/DNA pre-treatment, no significant change in either measure of viral replication was observed during the first 16 weeks of treatment compared with the 13 weeks prior to treatment. The lack of response may be due to the opposing effect of immunosuppression, or to a failure of in vivo activity.
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PMID:No effect of zidovudine on hepatitis B virus replication in homosexual men with symptomatic HIV-1 infection. 203 94

3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) inhibits the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by blocking the formation of the phosphodiester bond and has been used clinically for the treatment of HIV infection. To assess the effect of AZT on the replication of hepadnaviruses, which replicate through reverse transcription, both the liver tissue and primary cultured hepatocytes from ducklings previously infected with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were examined for DHBV DNA before and after the treatment with AZT. We did not observe suppression of DHBV replication at any doses in our system as measured by viral DNA synthesis in infected duck hepatocytes. The data strongly suggest that AZT has no inhibitory effect on DHBV reverse transcriptase.
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PMID:Effect of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine on replication of duck hepatitis B virus in vivo and in vitro. 255 51

AIDS is a syndrome that represents the most severe form of infection with the retrovirus HIV. Opportunistic infections, uncommon malignant neoplasms, and intractable immunologic deficiency are hallmarks of AIDS. To date, the syndrome in the U.S. is seen mainly in epidemiologically restricted populations. It appears to be transmitted in a manner analogous to hepatitis B. There is no available means of reversing the immune deficit. Therapy is restricted to treating the complicating infections and tumors. Those having been diagnosed with P. carinii pneumonia may benefit from therapy with AZT. The spread of HIV and the syndrome can only be reduced by preventive measures until an effective and safe vaccine can be developed.
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PMID:AIDS. 327 64

A new class of 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'- deoxythymidines (4-13) were investigated as potential anti-AIDS drugs. These 5,6-dihydro derivatives, which are also potential prodrugs to 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT), were designed to have properties which would enhance their duration of action, lipophilicity, and cephalic delivery to the central nervous system. The 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidines, which differ in configuration at the C-5 and C-6 positions, were synthesized by the regiospecific addition of XR (X = Br, Cl, I; R = OMe, N3) to the 5,6-olefinic bond of FLT. These 5-halo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro derivatives are more lipophilic (P = 1.5-5.15 range) than the parent compound FLT (P = 0.5). Regeneration of the 5,6-olefinic bond to give FLT, upon incubation of the 5-halo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro compounds with glutathione, was dependent on the nature of the 5-halo substituent (I > Br > Cl). The ability of these 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6- dihydro compounds (4-13) to protect CEM cells against HIV-induced cytopathogenicity was evaluated. The C-5 halo substituent was a determinant of anti-HIV-1 activity where the approximately equipotent 5-iodo and 5-bromo were generally more potent than the 5-chloro derivatives of FLT. Compounds having the (5S,6S)-configuration were more potent than the corresponding (5R,6R)-diastereomer. The most potent anti-HIV-1 agents, which included the (5R,6R)-5-Br,6-OMe (4), (5S,6S)-5-Br,6-OMe (5), and (5S,6S)-5-I,6-OMe (10) derivatives of FLT, exhibited comparable activities to the reference drugs AZT and FLT. Although (5R,6R)-5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (4) inhibited hepatitis B virus replication at a 5-6-fold higher concentration (EC50) than the reference drug 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC), it was 3-5-fold less cytotoxic (CC50) than DDC.
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PMID:Synthesis and antiviral (HIV-1, HBV) activities of 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine diastereomers. Potential prodrugs to 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine. 793 83

The hepatitis viruses A through D are prevalent among patients at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The courses of hepatitis B, C, and D are modified by HIV infection. With hepatitis B, increased carriage rates, increased viral replication, and milder liver injury are seen. The degree of HIV-induced immunosuppression does not correlate well with liver injury or amount of hepatitis B viral replication. With progression to AIDS, surface antibody titers can decline, resulting in reactivation of latent hepatitis B virus or reinfection with another subtype. hepatitis B virus may enhance progression to AIDS. Preliminary data suggest that HIV infection can prolong or increase hepatitis C or D viremia and decrease the accuracy of tests for hepatitis C. Interferon may have efficacy against hepatitis C but rarely against hepatitis B in patients who are coinfected with HIV. Zidovudine, ganciclovir, and foscarnet also may be active against these hepatotropic viruses.
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PMID:Clinical aspects of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. 801 13

In this pilot study of the effects of interferon alfa in 10 anti-HIV positive, chronic hepatitis B patients treated with zidovudine (AZT), tolerance to interferon was good and similar to that in anti-HIV negative patients. After treatment, the HIV stage and CD4 lymphocyte count were unchanged. In two patients hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) disappeared and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) returned to normal; loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with absence of histopathological activity was observed after treatment in one of these patients. These preliminary results need to be confirmed by a larger study.
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PMID:Recombinant alpha interferon for chronic hepatitis B in anti-HIV positive patients receiving zidovudine. 831 71


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