Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A set of new guidelines were formulated by an expert group meeting in Sweden organized by the pharmaceutical office during March 31-April 1, 1993. It contains various methods to avoid an undesired pregnancy and also advice about postcoital contraception. Among barrier methods, the condom is the only reversible method for men with a method failure of 2 and user failure of 10. It protects against gonorrhea, chlamydia, condyloma, herpes simplex, HIV, and hepatitis B. The diaphragm can be used with a spermicide and protects to a lesser degree against chlamydia, gonorrhea, and cervical cancer. The female condom is as effective as the condom. Among spermicides, nonoxynol-9 is not only effective against sperms but also against bacteria, viruses, and certain vaginal and cervical cells. The vaginal sponge is impregnated with nonoxynol-9 and is effective up to 24 hours. The copper IUD, with a method failure of less than 1, can cause profuse menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and endometritis-salpingitis. Hormonal methods include combination pills (2-phase and 3-phase pills) and gestagen methods (high dose with 150 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate injection every 3 months and low-dose minipills with levonorgestrel, norethisterone, or lynestrol). Mechanisms of action concern combination pills, gestagen methods, minipills, Norplant, and Levonova. Drug cross reaction can reduce effectiveness. Side effects include bleeding and amenorrhea. Risk-benefit determination is based on health effects. Possible risks are associated with breast cancer, cervical cancer, blood pressure increase, venous thromboembolism, and heart infarction. Various phases of the reproductive age include young women, lactating women, and women in the later part of the reproductive age. Special groups include those who have experienced ectopic pregnancy, infections (candida, sexually transmitted diseases: chlamydia trachomatis, HIV infections), obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, tumors of the reproductive organs, liver diseases, migraine, epilepsy, surgery, and handicapped women. Postcoital contraception is used only in need, and methods for postcoital contraception include hormonal method and the copper IUD.
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PMID:[Contraception. Recommendations from a group of experts]. 790 65

The long acting depot levonorgestrel, Norplant, satisfies the needs of women whose needs include long term protection against pregnancy, ample birth spacing, avoiding significant side effects found with other contraceptives, and using a contraceptive which does not require self or partner participation and is independent of timing of intercourse. Hundreds of teenagers have used it, but no published information on its use in teenagers exists. In an outpatient clinic, physicians insert 6 flexible silastic capsules with levonorgestrel (Norplant) under the dermis of the underside of the upper arm. Norplant suppresses ovulation and makes cervical mucus impassable to sperm. Levonorgestrel has already been available to women in progestin-only and combined oral contraceptives, but the change in delivery method has made Norplant the most effective, reversible, long term contraceptive available. Since patient compliance is not needed, it prevents pregnancies for 5 years. Thus, Norplant may be the ideal contraceptive for teenagers, especially since they experience a significant number of unplanned pregnancies in the US. Despite the many advantages of Norplant, 80% of users suffer heavy, irregular bleeding. This side effect leads many women to discontinue Norplant use. A potential problem is reduced condom use with Norplant, resulting in an increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases, e.g., HIV and hepatitis B. There is concern about the possibility of parents or health care workers coercing teenagers to use Norplant. Another concern is the encouragement its use by targeted groups. Health care workers must ensure that coerciveness does not happen. Norplant should be added to the contraceptive menus for teenagers, but only they should choose their contraceptive.
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PMID:Depot levonorgestrel (Norplant) use in teenagers. 843 76

Many people in developing countries lack access to health technologies. We present seven findings about processes that shape access, based on analysis of six case histories: praziquantel to treat schistosomiasis (a parasitic worm disease), hepatitis B vaccine, the Norplant contraceptive, malaria rapid diagnostic tests, vaccine vial monitors, and the female condom. Each case study is assessed with a comprehensive framework that examines the effects of architecture, availability, affordability, and adoption on creating access. The analysis shows that access to health technology in poor countries is difficult to achieve because of multiple obstacles, but it can be created under certain conditions.
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PMID:Creating access to health technologies in poor countries. 1959 94