Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The outpatient management of patients infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome is reviewed. Patients with CD4+ cell counts of greater than 0.5 x 10(9)/L (500/mm3) require no specific intervention except vaccination against influenza, pneumococcus, and possibly hepatitis B. They should have a follow-up examination every 3 to 6 months. Because of its success in preventing the progression of the disease, zidovudine (AZT), 100 mg five times per day, is recommended for patients with CD4+ cell counts of less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L (500/mm3). During this stage of the disease, a patient should be seen every 1 to 3 months and monitored for drug toxicity and disease progression. Patients with CD4+ counts of less than 0.2 x 10(9)/L (200/mm3) are at high risk of developing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Prophylaxis with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (one double-strength tablet three times weekly) or dapsone (100 mg three times weekly) is recommended. Treatment costs for the patient with CD4+ cells less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L (500/mm3) are at least $3000 per year.
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PMID:Outpatient management of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 134 66

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be responsible for several types of vasculitis: leucocytoclastic vasculitis, granulomatous angiitis, angiitis associated with lymphoproliferative syndromes or necrotizing vasculitis including periarteritis nodosa (PAN). We report a case of PAN in a 62-year old HIV1-positive woman. The patient had no co-occurrent hepatitis B virus infection and was negative for antinuclear antibodies. She presented with sicca syndrome, necrotic purpura, myalgias and polyneuropathy. Skin, muscle and nerve biopsies showed signs of necrotizing vasculitis. Multiple microaneurysms typical of PAN were present on branches of the abdominal aorta. The symptoms due to vasculitis regressed after treatment with corticosteroids in bolus injections and plasmapheresis. AZT was not given owing to intolerance. The literature on vasculitis associated with HIV infection is reviewed.
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PMID:[Periarteritis nodosa-type vasculitis and infection with human immunodeficiency virus]. 167 17

Vaccines afford now good prevention of many viral diseases including Hepatitis B. In revenge, attempts of immunization against Herpes Virus types I and II did not result in large scale application of vaccination. Research for a vaccine against HIV encounters many difficulties due to virus variability and host reactions. The introduction of nucleosides analogues represented a great advance for antiviral chemotherapy. Weakly toxic drugs although efficacious against Herpes Virus replication are now available but they do not seem to prevent viral recurrences. As for HIV, its sensitivity to drugs like AZT has raised great hopes which were limited by their intrinsic toxicity. However, research and trials for more efficacious but less toxic drugs are further being developed.
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PMID:[Prevention and therapeutical trials of a few current viral diseases]. 196 1

AIDS is a syndrome that represents the most severe form of infection with the retrovirus HIV. Opportunistic infections, uncommon malignant neoplasms, and intractable immunologic deficiency are hallmarks of AIDS. To date, the syndrome in the U.S. is seen mainly in epidemiologically restricted populations. It appears to be transmitted in a manner analogous to hepatitis B. There is no available means of reversing the immune deficit. Therapy is restricted to treating the complicating infections and tumors. Those having been diagnosed with P. carinii pneumonia may benefit from therapy with AZT. The spread of HIV and the syndrome can only be reduced by preventive measures until an effective and safe vaccine can be developed.
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PMID:AIDS. 327 64

A new class of 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'- deoxythymidines (4-13) were investigated as potential anti-AIDS drugs. These 5,6-dihydro derivatives, which are also potential prodrugs to 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT), were designed to have properties which would enhance their duration of action, lipophilicity, and cephalic delivery to the central nervous system. The 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidines, which differ in configuration at the C-5 and C-6 positions, were synthesized by the regiospecific addition of XR (X = Br, Cl, I; R = OMe, N3) to the 5,6-olefinic bond of FLT. These 5-halo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro derivatives are more lipophilic (P = 1.5-5.15 range) than the parent compound FLT (P = 0.5). Regeneration of the 5,6-olefinic bond to give FLT, upon incubation of the 5-halo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro compounds with glutathione, was dependent on the nature of the 5-halo substituent (I > Br > Cl). The ability of these 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6- dihydro compounds (4-13) to protect CEM cells against HIV-induced cytopathogenicity was evaluated. The C-5 halo substituent was a determinant of anti-HIV-1 activity where the approximately equipotent 5-iodo and 5-bromo were generally more potent than the 5-chloro derivatives of FLT. Compounds having the (5S,6S)-configuration were more potent than the corresponding (5R,6R)-diastereomer. The most potent anti-HIV-1 agents, which included the (5R,6R)-5-Br,6-OMe (4), (5S,6S)-5-Br,6-OMe (5), and (5S,6S)-5-I,6-OMe (10) derivatives of FLT, exhibited comparable activities to the reference drugs AZT and FLT. Although (5R,6R)-5-bromo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (4) inhibited hepatitis B virus replication at a 5-6-fold higher concentration (EC50) than the reference drug 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC), it was 3-5-fold less cytotoxic (CC50) than DDC.
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PMID:Synthesis and antiviral (HIV-1, HBV) activities of 5-halo-6-methoxy(or azido)-5,6-dihydro-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine diastereomers. Potential prodrugs to 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine. 793 83

In this pilot study of the effects of interferon alfa in 10 anti-HIV positive, chronic hepatitis B patients treated with zidovudine (AZT), tolerance to interferon was good and similar to that in anti-HIV negative patients. After treatment, the HIV stage and CD4 lymphocyte count were unchanged. In two patients hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) disappeared and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) returned to normal; loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with absence of histopathological activity was observed after treatment in one of these patients. These preliminary results need to be confirmed by a larger study.
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PMID:Recombinant alpha interferon for chronic hepatitis B in anti-HIV positive patients receiving zidovudine. 831 71

1. Exposure to bloodborne pathogens in the workplace creates acute anxiety in health care workers (HCWs); however, HCWs are at a greater risk for contracting the hepatitis B virus (HBV) than for contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 2. A postexposure management program (PEMP) provides an education of the risk of infection and risk-reduction techniques; a mechanism for assessment of the source patient's risk factors and for obtaining source patient HBV and HIV serologic status; a setting in which the HCW can be periodically and confidentially tested for HIV antibody; and a formal assessment of the HCW for AZT chemoprophylaxis. 3. As in other areas of nursing practice, it is possible to be exposed to potentially infectious body fluids when caring for older patients. It is important that health care providers protect themselves with hepatitis B immunization and decrease exposure risk by the rigorous practice of universal precautions with patients in all age groups.
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PMID:Bloodborne pathogens. Can you become infected from your older patient? 832 14

Sexually transmissible diseases (STD), caused by viruses are by far the most important ones, even though German legislation has ignored them up to now as STD. Anogenital herpes is easily diagnosed by means of monoclonal antibodies. This makes therapy available with acyclovir without delay in atypical cases or for example in persons with immunodeficiency. The therapy regimen usually is 5 x 200-400 mg/day. Recurrent herpes in high frequency and with severe pain may be successfully suppressed by 2-5 x 200 mg/day of acyclovir orally without serious side effects. This will not eliminate herpes viruses. Anogenital warts may look very different and occasionally cannot be detected before local application of 3% acetic acid. Histology is diagnostic. There are different strains causing diseases in men. Therapy of choice is destroying infected cells by CO2-laser coagulation. The incidence of hepatitis B in developed countries is decreasing slowly within the past years, this may partly be due to vaccines, that are available since the early eighties, producing immunity in about 95%. Treatment of chronic hepatitis with interferons seems to be beneficial. Infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their end stage disease AIDS are a growing problem all over the world. Interventions are possible with different nucleoside analogs, e. g. zidovudine (AZT), dideoxycytidine (DDC), dideoxyinosine (DDI). Up to now there is no agreement on when to start with one of the drugs and if or when to switch to combination therapy. Hopefully this may stabilize immunologic parameters and hold disease progression to some time.
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PMID:[Sexually transmitted diseases by herpes simplex, wart, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus]. 839 59

Accidental exposure to blood carries with it a definite risk for the health care worker of infection by various bloodborne pathogens, especially the hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus. The risk of transmission from exposure to HIV is lower than that associated with exposure to HBV and HCV. Should HIV infection occur, however, the outcome is likely to be fatal. Although general infection control precautions, safer use of needles, gloves, and other procedures may substantially reduce the incidence of occupational exposures, they cannot eliminate the risk completely. The post-exposure management is discussed. Neither the efficacy nor the safety of AZT (zidovudine) for use as a chemoprophylactic agent following occupational exposures to HIV has been established. Nevertheless in selected cases it can be proposed to health care workers.
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PMID:["Needlestick" accidents--procedures following potentially infectious exposure in medical personnel]. 848 85

A retrospective analysis of 99 hepatitis B-positive homosexual men with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was conducted to study the interaction of concurrent HIV infection on the course of their chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. All 99 subjects had chronic hepatitis B, 43 of whom were HIV antibody negative and 56 of whom were HIV antibody positive at the time of their initial presentation. Serial serum aminotransferase levels were used as an indirect estimate of the severity of hepatic inflammation. Factors that may influence the course of hepatitis B, HIV status, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) status, alcohol intake, and zidovudine (AZT) therapy were correlated with aminotransferase values. Overall, there was no difference in mean serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels between HIV antibody-negative and HIV antibody-positive patients. There is a higher prevalence rate of HBeAg in HIV antibody-positive patients (p < 0.05), and the seroconversion rate from HBeAg to HBeAb was lower in HIV antibody-positive patients compared with HIV antibody-negative patients (p < 0.05). However, reactivation rates from HBeAb to HBeAg were no different in the HIV antibody-positive and negative hepatitis B carriers. With mild, moderate, or heavy alcohol intake, we observed no statistically significant difference in mean serum alanine aminotransferase levels and no mean serum aspartate aminotransferase levels between HIV antibody-negative patients versus HIV antibody-positive patients. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the pattern of serum aminotransferase in those subjects treated with or without AZT. The mortality rates were higher in HIV antibody-positive patients (n = 8) compared with in HIV antibody-negative patients (n = 2). Seventy-five percent (n = 6) of the HIV antibody-positive patients died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and overall only two patients died of liver disease, one in each group. We conclude that there is no overt influence by HIV or the treatment thereof on the course of chronic HBV infection in a population of homosexual men. In HIV-infected patients, death from AIDS predominated; hence, the main target for therapy should be HIV rather than HBV.
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PMID:The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus infection and hepatitis B virus infection in infected homosexual men. 877 27


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