Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By now in France HBV seric markers (Ag HBs and Ac HBc) and transaminases level (ALT) screenings are compulsory by law in blood donors. People whose blood donation is discarded should be informed. A clinical, epidemiological and virological survey of such donors is required to differentiate healthy Ag HBs carriers and patients suffering from hepatitis B (who may eventually be treated). Similar guidelines may be recommended for the blood donors presenting high transaminases level without HBV seric markers in order to find a cause for such impaired biochemical tests: overweight, alcohol, drug consumption, auto-immune liver disease, genetic disorder, Non-A, Non-B, Non-C hepatitis....
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PMID:[Practical approach to the discovery of serum markers for infection by hepatitis B virus (HBs antigen or anti HBc antibody). Hypertransaminasemia or the two anomalies in a blood donor]. 191 Mar 49

The immunogenic effect of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, administered in a dosage of 20 micrograms intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle on the months 0, 1 and 2, was evaluated in 185 employers of a general hospital. The influence of sex, age, overweight and smoking habit on the antibody response induced by the vaccine was also assessed. The seroconversion rate 40-60 days after the third dose in the 160 health professionals who completed the vaccination schedule was 88% (83% in males and 90% in females). It was 97% in individuals less than 30 years of age, 89% in those between 30 and 50 years, and 69% in those over 50 years. It was 97% in non obese and 66% in obese individuals (p less than 0.0001). No differences in seroconversion rate were found between nonsmokers, moderate smokers and heavy smokers. Untoward reactions were minimal. The rate of vaccinated individuals developing anti-HBs titers higher than 10 mIU/ml was 68%. This rate was lower than that found in most studies after vaccination in the months 0, 1 and 6, the difference being probably due to the use of a rapid schedule with a short interval between the second and third doses. Nevertheless, this schedule facilitates the vaccination programs in health staff and reduces the failure rate due to poor compliance.
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PMID:[Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in health personnel. Immunogenicity of a rapid vaccination schedule]. 253 93

Health care workers are at increased hepatitis B risk. In the course of a study with 5035 persons occupied at the Freiburg university hospital, efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination and duration of protection were investigated. Estimations of post-vaccination-anti Hbs showed that women, younger persons, persons with a body mass index < 25 and non-smokers had higher anti Hbs concentrations than men, elderly persons overweight persons and smokers. 2% of female and 1.5% of male vaccinees did not develop anti Hbs and 4.8% and 7.1%, respectively were low responders (anti Hbs < 100 < 10 IU/l). Estimations of vaccination efficacy revealed that even 10 years after basic immunisation at least 50% of all vaccinees should have anti Hbs concentrations > 100 IU/l. The results of the study show that vaccination of children in accordance with German and WHO recommendations will afford full protection (anti Hbs > 10 IU/l) in at least 99% of all cases.
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PMID:[Efficacy of hepatitis B preventive vaccination]. 944 Sep 17

Objective. To assess the health status of delinquent male youths at the time of their admission to a juvenile correctional center.Design. Cross-sectional descriptive study over a 6-year period (1995-2000). Setting. Health primary care. Juvenile correctional center in Zaragoza, Spain. Participants. Two hundred forty male adolescents were admitted during the study period. Mean age was 15 years (SD, 1.3) (range, 13-17 years). Measurements and main results. Health status via medical history and physical examination was assessed according to standard protocols and individualized complementary laboratory examinations were performed. Most frequent health problems were smoking habit (97.1%), drug/alcohol abuse (54.1%), odontologic (40%), psychopathologic disorders (17.1%), incomplete immunization status (16.6%), growth and nutritional disorders (14.5%) growth delay (5.8%), malnutrition (3.3%), overweight (2.1%), obesity (3.3%) , infectious diseases associated with intravenous drug use and/or risk sexual behaviors (10.4%) hepatitis C (4.6%), hepatitis B (2.9%), AIDS (2.1%), syphilis (0.8%) , dermatological (10%), opthalmological (7.5%), and respiratory (5%). Less prevalent health problems were orthopedic (3.3%), anemia (3.3%), otic (2.5%), cardiovascular (2.5%), and intestinal parasitism (1.6%). Conclusions. Early intervention during the stay into juvenile correctional center regarding their physical health and especially their mental health, from the sanitary and educative viewpoint, presents a unique opportunity to solve the basic health needs of these high-risk adolescents.
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PMID:[Health status of delinquent male youths]. 1203 Dec 38

Liver enzyme elevations are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, and their diagnosis or management may be difficult because of the intricacies of the pathogenic mechanisms involved. These include hepatotoxicity related to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen, idiosyncratic or immunoallergic mechanisms, and direct cytotoxicity enhanced by an underlying liver disease. Liver enzyme abnormalities may also reflect hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) infection, which each have their own risks for chronic immune-mediated liver disease (including hepatitis flare after immune reconstitution) and of direct cytotoxicity. Finally, other factors may affect liver deterioration, including alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with metabolic syndromes (e.g., hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or being overweight) that are potentially HAART related, and use of medication or illicit drugs (e.g., methamphetamine). A better understanding of these complex interactions, including adjustments of dosages of antiretroviral drugs, will probably help in the management of HIV-infected patients with liver enzyme abnormalities.
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PMID:HIV infection and hepatic enzyme abnormalities: intricacies of the pathogenic mechanisms. 1498 77

The temporal relation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to the development of type 2 diabetes remains unknown. The authors followed 4,958 persons aged > or =40 years without diabetes (3,486 seronegative, 812 anti-HCV+, 116 with hepatitis B virus/HCV coinfection, and 544 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)+) from a community-wide cohort in southern Taiwan for 7 years (1997-2003) to study the risk of diabetes associated with HCV infection. A total of 474 participants developed diabetes. The 7-year cumulative incidence was 7.5% for HBsAg+, 8.6% for seronegative, 14.3% for anti-HCV+, and 14.7% for coinfected participants. Compared with HCV- persons, HCV+ persons had a higher cumulative incidence of diabetes (log-rank test, p < 0.0001). A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that anti-HCV+ (hazard ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.3, 2.1), coinfection (hazard ratio = 1.7), overweight, obesity, and increasing age were significantly associated with diabetes (p < 0.05). Gender, educational level, HBsAg+ status, alcohol consumption, and smoking were not significant. After stratification by age and body mass index, the risk ratio for diabetes in anti-HCV+ participants increased when age decreased and body mass index levels increased (p < 0.001). Results show that HCV infection is an independent predictor of diabetes, especially for anti-HCV+ persons who are younger or have a higher body mass index.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection and the development of type 2 diabetes in a community-based longitudinal study. 1822 96

Approximately 20% of patients infected with the hepatitis B or C virus (HBV and HCV) develop cirrhosis of the liver. It is essential, especially for preventive purposes, to test for related etiological factors, especially excess alcohol consumption, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. The frequency of these health problems and their hepatic tropism explain these frequent associations. In patients with chronic HBV and HCV, alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome increase the risk of fibrosis; in those with HCV, they also reduce the likelihood of treatment response. In patients with alcoholic hepatitis, overweight increases cirrhotic risk. If cytolysis persists after the identified factor is controlled, another etiologic factor must be sought and treated. For patients with excess alcohol consumption and similarly those with metabolic syndrome, it is essential to differentiate between dependency, which is more difficult to treat, and other risk situations, for which the efficacy of a brief intervention by the physician has been demonstrated. In this more holistic approach, the physician treats a person with liver disease, rather than just a diseased liver.
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PMID:[Managing comorbidities in hepatology: toward a more holistic medicine]. 1839 58

The incidence of liver cancer is high in all low-resource regions of the world, with the exception of Northern Africa and Western Asia. The estimated worldwide number of new cases of liver cancer in 2002 is 600,000, of which 82% are from developing countries. Given the poor survival from this disease, the estimated number of deaths is similar to that of new cases. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main form of liver cancer. A part from chronic infections with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses, which are the main causes of HCC, contamination of foodstuff with aflatoxins, a group of mycotoxins produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, is an important contributor to HCC burden in many low-income country. Alcoholic cirrhosis is an important risk factor for HCC in populations with low prevalence of HBV and HCV infection, and the association between tobacco smoking and HCC is now established. Diabetes is also related to an excess risk of HCC and the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity likely contributes to it. The second most important type of liver cancer is cholangiocarcinoma, whose main known cause is infestation with the liver flukes, Opistorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, which is frequent in some areas in South-East Asia. Angiosarcoma is a rare form of liver cancer whose occurence is linked to occupational exposure to vinyl chloride.
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PMID:Liver cancer: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection. 1909 58

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often arising in histologically advanced disease when steatohepatitis is not active (cryptogenic cirrhosis). Our objective was to characterize patients with HCC and active, histologically defined steatohepatitis. Among 394 patients with HCC detected by ultrasound imaging over 8 years and staged by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) criteria, we identified 7 cases (1.7%) with HCC occurring in the setting of active biopsy-proven NASH. All were negative for other liver diseases such as hepatitis C, hepatitis B, autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson disease, and hemochromatosis. The patients (4 males and 3 females, age 63 +/- 13 years) were either overweight (4) or obese (3); 57% were diabetic and 28.5% had dyslipidemia. Cirrhosis was present in 6 of 7 patients, but 1 patient had well-differentiated HCC in the setting of NASH without cirrhosis (fibrosis stage 1) based on repeated liver biopsies, the absence of portal hypertension by clinical and radiographic evaluations and by direct surgical inspection. Among the cirrhotic patients, 71.4% were clinically staged as Child A and 14.2% as Child B. Tumor size ranged from 1.0 to 5.2 cm and 5 of 7 patients were classified as early stage; 46% of all nodules were hyper-echoic and 57% were <3 cm. HCC was well differentiated in 1/6 and moderately differentiated in 5/6. Alpha-fetoprotein was <100 ng/mL in all patients. HCC in patients with active steatohepatitis is often multifocal, may precede clinically advanced disease and occurs without diagnostic levels of alpha-fetoprotein. Importantly, HCC may occur in NASH in the absence of cirrhosis. More aggressive screening of NASH patients may be warranted.
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PMID:Does hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis exist in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients? 1978 50

Known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and alcoholic liver disease. Several studies have examined diabetes as a risk factor for HCC because of its association with fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study by Tung et al. found that neither diabetes nor overweight was a risk factor for HCC. Results were consistent using both a cross-sectional and a case-control study approach. Findings from this study suggest that diabetes and overweight alone are not adequate to increase the risk of HCC in the absence of concomitant viral hepatitis or liver disease.
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PMID:Diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: what role does diabetes have in the presence of other known risk factors? 2005 44


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