Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our aim was to ascertain current guidelines and clinical practices prevalent in HIV treatment centres in the North Thames Region of England on the care of patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B or C. A self-completed postal survey of clinic guidelines and retrospective case-note reviews was performed. Fifteen of the 27 units completed the survey and generally had clinic guidelines consistent with current national guidelines. Stated policy was usually to screen HIV patients for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to offer specific therapy for the hepatitis as well as the HIV. Many units were unable to contribute cases to the case-note review, probably through lack of case-identification, and therefore 11 units contributed 27 case-note reviews on HIV/HBV and five units contributed 11 case-note reviews on HIV/HCV. Fifty-six percent (25/45) of patients of HBV patients were HBeAg+ve and 88% (22/25) of these had received specific hepatitis B therapy although for 59% (13/22) this was with lamivudine as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. None of the HIV/HCV patients had received or been referred for HCV-specific therapy. Testing for hepatitis A immunity in HBV or HCV patients with a view to vaccination was done in only 50% although 96% of HIV/HCV patients had been screened for HBV. There are significant differences between the clinics' intended and actual management of HIV and chronic viral hepatitis co-infection.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Jul
PMID:Management of HIV and hepatitis B or C co-infection in 15 HIV treatment centres. Disparity between protocols and practice. 1286 27

The study objective was to estimate the prevalence of selected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and associated factors among Dhaka slum dwellers. Blood and urine specimens were collected from 1534 men and women. Participants in this cross-sectional study responded to a questionnaire, providing socioeconomic data, symptomatology and treatment-seeking behaviour. Specimens were tested for syphilis, hepatitis B (HBsAg), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and HIV. Serologic evidence of syphilis infection was found in 6.0% of respondents, HBsAg in 3.8%. Prevalence rates of gonorrhoea and chlamydia were 1.7% and <1%, respectively. No HIV infections were found. Men were more than twice as likely as women to be infected with syphilis or HBsAg carriers. Behaviours facilitating STI transmission were common among men. Syphilis infection is prevalent enough to warrant the initiation of screening programmes in this population. The prevalence rate of hepatitis B carriage suggests that this population would benefit from universal vaccination against hepatitis B.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Sep
PMID:Sexually transmitted infections prevalence rates in slum communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh. 1451 98

The practice of hepatitis B screening and vaccination in genitourinary medicine clinics in the West Midlands Region is audited against the standards set by 1999 Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Disease National Guidelines.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Sep
PMID:Offering the vaccine and accepting it: an audit of hepatitis B vaccination in West Midlands region. 1522 40

Injection drug users (IDUs) are the vanguard of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Russia. We sought a non-invasive method to estimate a point prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis and risk behaviours in IDUs attending the syringe exchange programme (SEP) in St Petersburg, Russia. One hundred and one IDUs returning syringes to the St Petersburg SEP were invited to complete a questionnaire requesting demographic, knowledge, and behavioural information, and to provide their syringes for antibody testing. The median age of IDUs was 23 years. Syringe prevalences were: 10.9% for HIV, 78.2% for HCV, 15.8% for HBV, and 6.9% for syphilis. All respondents recognized drug-related risk factors for getting AIDS. Only two-thirds of subjects recognized condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections and half knew that oil-based lubricants are not appropriate for condoms. The IDU population studied was young and requires additional interventions to encourage safer sexual behaviours.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Oct
PMID:Estimating the prevalence of syringe-borne and sexually transmitted diseases among injection drug users in St Petersburg, Russia. 1459 74

As part of the 2000 Global Burden of Disease study, we quantified the death and disability from injection-associated infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We modelled the fraction of incident infections attributable to health care injections in the year 2000 on the basis of the annual number of injections, the proportion of injections administered with reused equipment, the probability of transmission following percutaneous exposure, the prevalence of active infection, the prevalence of immunity and the total incidence. Infections in 2000 were converted into disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2000-2030 using natural history parameters, background mortality, duration of disease, disability weights, age weights and a 3% discount rate. Four Global Burden of Disease regions where reuse of injection equipment in the absence of sterilization was negligible were excluded from the analysis. In the remaining 10 regions, in 2000, persons received an average of 3.4 injections per year, 39.3% of which were given with reused equipment. In 2000, contaminated injections caused an estimated 21 million HBV infections, two million HCV infections and 260,000 HIV infections, accounting for 32%, 40% and 5%, respectively, of new infections for a burden of 9,177,679 DALYs between 2000 and 2030. Injection overuse and unsafe practices account for a substantial burden of death and disability worldwide. There is a need for policies and plans for the safe and appropriate use of injections in countries where practices are poor.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Jan
PMID:The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. 1476 64

A world overview of HIV and hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections shows strong parallels in the distribution of generalized epidemics. However, several recent papers have argued that HCV prevalence in countries and cohorts in sub-Saharan Africa is too low to allow parenteral transmission to account for an important proportion of HIV infections. This conclusion is unwarranted. The transmission efficiencies of HCV and HIV through needlestick accidents are similar, while some parenteral exposures - such as intramuscular injections - may be more efficient in transmitting HIV than HCV. Much of the data used to show current low HCV prevalence in Africa comes from blood samples collected in 1986-95. For South Africa, the picture of low and stable HCV prevalence in the 1990s is based on selected evidence and ignores multiple studies reporting 3-5.4% prevalence in the black population. From a literature search, we found 62 cohorts in Africa with information on HCV and HIV prevalence. Across these cohorts, there is a trend for HCV prevalence to increase with HIV, though much of the variance is unexplained. For 25 cohorts with sufficient data, the median relative risk for HCV infection for persons with HIV is 1.52.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Mar
PMID:Parallel and overlapping HIV and bloodborne hepatitis epidemics in Africa. 1503 58

A total of 183,912 persons were screened from September 1986 to May 2002 in and around Haryana, out of whom 1178 were reactive (0.64%) for anti-HIV antibodies. The overall incidence of HIV-1 in the seropositive patients was 98.5%, HIV-2 alone was 0.8% and 0.7% had a mixed infection with both HIV-1 and 2. High seropositivity (22.8%) was observed among the relatives of these HIV-positive individuals. The heterosexual route (78%) remained the predominant mode of transmission. Among the jail inmates only one individual out of 1306 (1986 to 1993) was found to be positive. Tuberculosis (46.7%) was the most common opportunistic infection in these seropositive patients. Significant titres of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory tests were observed in 8.8% seropositive patients, 7.9% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and only two patients were suffering from chancroid. Forty-six of these HIV-seropositive patients had already died. In order to cope with this epidemic, new models of care and cost-effective preventive measures are needed.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Mar
PMID:A 16-year study of HIV seroprevalence and HIV-related diseases in a teaching tertiary care hospital in India. 1503 64

We report an HIV-positive man who re-acquires hepatitis B with evidence of serological protection which then resolves while on anti-retrovirals including tenofovir.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Mar
PMID:Hepatitis B infection in an HIV-positive man treated with tenofovir: a case of re-infection or reactivation? 1503 71

The objective of the study was to determine the community prevalence of genital syndromes in women and evaluate the syndromic management of vaginal discharge in this setting. A representative sample for the state of Tamilnadu was chosen using probability proportional to size cluster technique. Thirty clusters were selected from three districts. Demographic, sexual behaviour, risk factors, clinical and laboratory data were collected from the selected population using a structured questionnaire. Direct smear examination for Trichomonas vaginalis, culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi, serological tests for syphilis (RPR and TPHA), hepatitis B (Hbs Ag ELISA), IgM and IgG antibodies to HSV2 (Novum diagnostics, Germany) and PCR test for detection of C. trachomatis from urine were done. There were 1157 women in the selected population. On examination, vaginal discharge was the most common genital syndrome (38.4%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of vaginal discharge as a marker for STD in women was found to be 43.3%, 61.6%, 10.7% and 91.1%, respectively. We concluded that treatment on the basis of syndromic management would result in over-treatment of 90% of women with vaginal discharge.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Jun
PMID:Genital syndromes and syndromic management of vaginal discharge in a community setting. 1518 79

Both HBV plasma derived vaccines and HBV recombinant vaccines have proved safe and highly immunogenic. In France, exhaustive population surveys have revealed a vaccine coverage rate of over 21.7% and very low three-dose vaccine coverage among infants (19.8%), children (23.3%), and adolescents. Among hospital staff, around 80 to 90% of physicians and health care personnel in public or private hospitals were vaccinated against hepatitis B and the level of coverage was higher among personnel accidentally exposed to blood (90 to 100%). Among risk groups, the specific prevention program against mother-infant transmission was unevenly applied, and between 25 to 45% of intravenous drug abusers, prisoners, or STD patients were vaccinated. These coverage rates are inadequate to obtain a significant reduction and control of hepatitis B infections in France. The complete eradication of HBV transmission might take another 20 years to achieve unless great efforts are made to vaccinate the general population (infants especially) and high-risk groups.
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PMID:[Evolution of strategy and coverage rates for hepatitis B vaccination in France, a country with low endemicity]. 1561 85


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