Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The maternal and fetal outcomes of 50 pregnancies complicated by acute viral hepatitis were examined. Twenty (40%) cases were due to type B hepatitis virus. The clinical course of the maternal hepatitis was unaffected by the pregnant state. Maternal hepatitis (type B or nontype B) had no effect on the incidence of congenital malformations, stillbirths, abortions, or intrauterine malnutrition; it did increase the incidence of prematurity (type B 31.6%; nontype B 25%; overall 27.6%) over that seen in the general delivery population (10 to 11%). Eight mothers acquired acute type B hepatitis during the third trimester; two of their infants (25%) were found to be chronic asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen and to have mild, persistent elevations of SGOT for up to 45 months.
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PMID:Hepatitis and pregnancy. 56 34

Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B (HB) virus occurs if the mother has had acute HB infection during late pregnancy or in the first months postpartum, or if the mother is a chronic HB antigen carrier. Vertical transmission from chronic carriers exceeds 90% and accounts for up to 40% of the world chronic carriers in endemic areas. Hepatitis in pregnancy is not associated with increased abortion rate, stillbirth, or congenital malformation. However, prematurity seems to be increased if hepatitis is acquired in the last trimester. Sixty percent of pregnant women who acquire acute HB infections at or near delivery will transmit the HB virus to their offspring. Although infection is rarely symptomatic, 70 to 90% of the babies will remain chronically infected into adult life and be prone to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of such high risks and the safety and efficacy (seroconversion 90 to 100%) of HB vaccine in preventing HB infection, it is recommended that HB vaccine be given to pregnant women at high risk. However, its safety to the fetus is not well documented. Only one human study reports the safety and efficacy of Heptavax, but only when administered (to 72 pregnant women) in the last trimester of pregnancy when embryopathy cannot occur. We report pregnancy outcome in ten women, mostly health care personnel or patients traveling to endemic areas exposed to the vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy. No congenital abnormalities were observed and all the infants are physically and developmentally normal for their ages at 2 to 12 months. Although small, this cohort suggests safe use of the vaccine in early pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: maternal and fetal safety. 182 84

A test was carried out involving 94 newborn babies whose birth occurred in Alfredo da Costa Maternity between November 1991 and February 1994. The aims of this study were to find out the frequency of social and obstetric risks, to assess the neonatal, mobility, namely as regards the withdrawal syndrome, and also the repercussion of drug-addiction in the children's development. The frequency was 1 newborn baby of a drug-addicted mother for 106 pregnant women. In 67 out of 94 cases there was pre-natal follow-up. In such cases, the frequency of prematurity, of the withdrawal syndrome, and the possibility of preventive treatment of sexually contagious illnesses (Syphilis, hepatitis B, and aids) decreased. 8.5% of the 94 newborn babies were handed over to relatives or for adoption. Only in a small number of cases was it possible to keep the babies under regular observation. However, all of them showed hypertony and bulimia, which disappeared between the 8th and 9th months.
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PMID:[Neonates born to drug-addicted mothers]. 774 4

Indirect enzyme immunoassay, performed with Labsystems (Helsinki) kits, in 30 mothers and their newborns, revealed that 100% of parturient women present IgG antibody to hepatitis A (HAV), herpes simplex 1, and measles viruses, constantly transferring these antibodies to their newborns. 78.6% of the women had IgG to rubella (German measles) virus, passively transmitting them to their offsprings. Serological markers (HBsAg and anti-HBc) of hepatitis B virus infection were present in 42% of the investigated women, anti-HBc being also present in the serum of the newborns. Between the identified risk factors (in the past obstetrical history, current pregnancy, labor and early postnatal period) and the spectrum of IgG antibodies present in mothers no significant correlations were revealed. The same obvious lack of correlation between IgG antibodies and risk factors in the neonate (prematurity, low birth weight, malformations) was also found. However, the presence of IgG anti-measles (2 case), IgM anti-rubella (1 case) and IgM and HAV (4 cases) was associated, in the same order, with interstitial pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly and death, icterus neonatorum, cardiovascular and neurologic malformations. Neither mothers nor their offsprings presented anti-HIV antibodies, suggesting that in the investigated patients no perinatal transmission had occurred.
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PMID:[The presence in pregnant women of the risk factor of serum antibodies against 9 viruses with significance in materno-infantile pathology and the transfer of these antibodies to the newborns]. 799 65

WHO estimates 250 million new cases worldwide of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) each year. STDs of growing concern are chlamydial infections responsible for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and pneumonia and ophthalmia in newborns, and incurable viral infections, including Herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis B virus, and HIV infection. HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, one of the most serious complication of STDs. PID is another serious STD complication because it tends to recur and causes chronic abdominal pain, eventually resulting in hysterectomy, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic backache. STDs adversely affect pregnancy, often leading to ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, prematurity, congenital and perinatal infections, and puerperal maternal infections. Genital ulcer diseases, e.g., chancroid, facilitate HIV transmission. HIV infection boosts the virulence of STD pathogens, e.g., Herpes simplex virus. Many people with STDs are asymptomatic and the clinical profile of STDs is always in flux, thus resulting in less than optimal case detection. Obstacles of STD treatment include antibiotic resistance of betalactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoea strains and the immunocompromising effect of HIV infections. Tourists are responsible for introducing HIV infection into many countries. Some countries (e.g., Saudi Arabia) require a negative HIV test before foreigners can work in those countries. Health resources are not keeping up with the spread of STDs and HIV. Governments should embark on health education campaigns to stem the spread of HIV. They should also integrate AIDS prevention with the control of other STDs.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in the age of AIDS. 847 83

Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was studied in 58 infants of 55 mothers (3 sets of twins). HCV RNA analyses by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were performed on consecutive blood samples from birth to 18 months of age (0, 3, 9 and 18 months). Data on factors possibly influencing mother-to-infant transmission of HCV, such as concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection during pregnancy, maternal HCV RNA status at delivery, mode of delivery, prematurity and breastfeeding habits were collected. In addition, 6 older siblings (age 4-10 years) of the infants were tested once for anti-HCV. Of the 55 mothers 52 (95%) had a history of intravenous drug use (IVDU). Two mothers were HIV positive. 40/54 (75%) tested mothers were HCV RNA positive. 16 (27%) infants were delivered by Caesarean section, and 50 (86%) infants were breastfed. All infants were HCV RNA negative on all occasions and anti-HCV negative at the age of 18 months. Maternally acquired anti-HCV antibodies disappeared and were not detected by 9 months in 78%. One of the 6 older siblings was anti-HCV and HCV RNA positive. We conclude that the risk of vertical HCV transmission is low in infants of HCV-positive/HIV-negative mothers, and that breastfeeding seems to be safe in this group.
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PMID:Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. 889 97

Children of substance abuse mothers have an increased risk of severe pathological disorders such as perinatal diseases (prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, infections) with their neurological and respiratory complications and sequelae, and transmission of drug addiction related infections, ie human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C virus, syphilis. Many of these children present a drug withdrawal syndrome characterized by restlessness and jetteriness during the neonatal period. This is frequently followed by a post withdrawal period of several weeks duration with crying, excitement, sleep and feeding difficulties. Although these drug withdrawal manifestations have no incidence on the vital prognosis, it severely impairs the mother-infant interaction. Despite these disorders it appears that the outcome of these children is mainly related to their familial environment which is exposed to many risk factors: mother-child separation, violence, delinquency, precariousness, unhealthy housing, prostitution, drug dependency, parental death or imprisonment... Early medico-psycho-social intervention starting during pregnancy and a prolonged support for several years are the only way to improve their spontaneously poor outcome.
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PMID:[Management of drug addict pregnant women and their children]. 918 Oct 22

Immunization may prevent an enhanced risk of infectious diseases, providing that it is completed on time. A review of the literature summarizes several studies on effectiveness, safety and duration of protection in preterm infants. Immune maturation depends on chronological age rather than gestational age. Then immunization against diphteria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis-Haemophilus influenzae b should be initiated at 2 months of age and completed prior than 6 months. The youngest preterm infants, still hospitalized at 8 weeks of age should be monitored following the first immunization as they may develop apnea episodes, probably linked with the pertussis component of the vaccine. In premature, BCG vaccination induces a delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin less important than in full-term neonates, and should not be given right after birth in newborns less than 33 weeks of gestational age. Hepatitis B vaccination should be offered as soon as two months of age and even at birth to children born from HBs Ag carriers. Neither duration of immunity, nor safety are modified by prematurity.
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PMID:[Efficacy and tolerance of vaccinations in premature infants]. 1210 19

Improved family and community support would prevent many youth in Nigeria from risk behavior including drinking alcohol, smoking, and using illicit drugs. In Rivers State, 70% of secondary students have had at least 1 alcoholic drink. Further, in Bendel State, 13% of 15-19 year olds in the coastal region drink alcohol compared with 75% of those in the hinterland. Since alcohol affects good judgment skills, this behavior is especially risky during rituals and social activities and causes accidents. Youth who drink are likely to have unplanned and unprotected sexual intercourse. Drinking during pregnancy is associated with miscarriages, low birth weight, and birth defects. Despite the problems with youth and drinking, Nigeria does not have law restricting sales of alcohol to youth. In Nigeria smoking was once predominantly a male habit but is now increasing quickly among women. Most smokers 1st begin their habit when 18 years old. Even thought he Nigerian government has restricted smoking in public places, it has not yet been effective. Smoking has numerous negative effects such as lung cancer, other cancers, shorter life spans, low birth weight, prematurity, higher perinatal mortality, and more labor complications. Moreover the tobacco and alcohol companies advertise widely using ingenious and persuasive promotions. Youth are especially vulnerable to these slick promotions. Cannabis remains the most common illegal drug. Heroin use is growing among urban adolescents in Nigeria, however. Nigeria also serves as a transhipment point for drugs to the US as well as a consumption point. Drug use results in rising numbers of patients in mental hospitals and treatment centers. A particular concern of drug use is transmission of HIV and hepatitis B via needles. Smokers and alcohol drinkers are likely to also be drug users. Families, government, and community organizations need to collaborate to prevent these risk behaviors among youth.
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PMID:Nigeria's youth at risk. 1231 98

After a brief review of the AIDS virus, its transmission, and clinical aspects, the obstetric implications of HIV infections for a developing country like India are summarized. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is transmissible in utero with a 66% risk of infecting the fetus, and may cause intrauterine growth retardation or prematurity. HIV positive pregnant women may become immunosuppressed, so they should be offered pregnancy termination. A woman in labor infected with HIV should be managed like a woman with hepatitis B: intrauterine catheters, fetal scalp electrodes, and fetal blood sampling are contraindicated. Forceps and episiotomy should be used only if needed. Cesarean section to prevent intrapartum infection of the fetus is controversial. While breastfeeding is allowed, breast milk should not be donated to other infants. Nursing staff should be informed that HIV is much less transmissible than hepatitis.
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PMID:AIDS in obstetric practice. 1234 55


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