Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A recent case-control study on 577 lichen planus (LP) patients and 1008 controls confirmed that LP patients may significantly associate with a chronic liver disease (CLD) which is independent from drug or alcohol intake and has some connection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The study, however, failed to define the nature of CLD. This has been investigated through the clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients with LP and impaired liver function tests. Overall, the laboratory signs of cell necrosis prevailed over those of cholestasis and a good relationship with the HBV and HCV infections was found. Ninety percent of patients with LP and CLD had antibodies to one or another of the major viruses involved in infectious hepatitis. No patient had anti-liver kidney microsomal antibodies type 1. Liver biopsies were done in 12 cases and mostly revealed a chronic active hepatitis evolving into cirrhosis. No evident cases of primary biliary cirrhosis were found. It appears that LP associated CLD is post-viral in nature.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory presentation of lichen planus patients with chronic liver disease. 132 93

Blood samples from 1,600 persons who sought immunisation against hepatitis B in private clinics in Singapore in 1988-1989 were screened for two viral markers. Of that total, 4.81% were positive for HBsAg and 17.31% had anti-HBs levels greater than 10 mIU/ml, indicating that about 22.12% of the general population would not benefit from immunisation. Preimmunisation screening will identify persons not requiring the hepatitis B vaccine and thus, avoid wastage. When immunisation has already been performed without screening, recall for post-immunisation screening should be considered in order to detect the infectious hepatitis B carriers. Data in this study indicates that at this point in time, it is important to immunise adolescents and adults, in addition to neonates and children.
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PMID:Preimmunisation hepatitis B screening in Singapore--a viewpoint from private sector clinics. 214 1

This paper considers trends in hepatitis B notifications in New Zealand during the period 1976 to 1987. It attempts also to demonstrate the fact that although notifications are never comprehensive, even incomplete statistics can give a reasonable and useful indication of trends. Since 1985 most districts have shown a gradual and persistent decline in notification rates. High notification rates are observed from Whangarei, Auckland, South Auckland, Rotorua, Gisborne and Hutt health districts. With a notification rate of 54 per 100,000 population in 1984 Whangarei health district gave the highest rate during this period. These observations are consistent with what is known from other studies about the geographical distribution of hepatitis B markers. Peak notification rates occur in the 15 to 25 age group with highest rates in groups of nonEuropean ethnicity. Notification rates within each district over the eleven year period are compared to the national rates. Further analyses by demographic factors based on information available for the year 1987 are presented. Again the highest rates are observed in groups of nonEuropean ethnicity with the Maori and Pacific Island populations showing rates of 27.2 and 23.0 per 100,000 population respectively. For the eleven year period notification rates for all types of infectious hepatitis are compared to identify secular trends. It is seen that hepatitis A notification rates have declined since the mid-1970s while rates for nonA nonB hepatitis and acute nonspecific hepatitis rose sharply in the early 1980s and have since declined slightly in 1986 and 1987.
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PMID:Trends in hepatitis B notifications 1976-87. 236 1

A three-year study has been conducted for prevention of infectious hepatitis with supplementation of table salt fortified with 15 ppm anhydrous sodium selenite to the general population of 20,847 persons in a township M.Z. at Qidong County, Jiangsu Province, China. The results showed that the incidence of virus hepatitis infection in the test township was significantly lower than that of controls provided with normal table salt. The incidence rate of infectious hepatitis in the treated township M.Z. was 1.20 and 4.52 per 1,000, whereas the average incidence in the 6 surrounding control townships was 2.96 and 10.48 per 1,000 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg+) was 13.2% vs 19.23% for males and 10.42% vs 12.24% for females in the supplemented vs nonsupplemented neighboring township, respectively. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that a low grain Se content is associated with a high regional incidence of hepatitis B virus infections.
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PMID:Chemoprevention trial of human hepatitis with selenium supplementation in China. 248 94

We assessed in a western population the efficacy of a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in relatives of highly infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. A consecutive group of 103 HbsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc negative household relatives of 45 HBV-DNA positive chronic carriers received a 5 micrograms dose of plasma-derived vaccine at 0, 1, 2 and 12 months. Protective levels of immunity developed in 101 subjects (97.8%) 3 months after boosting. Low responders to the vaccine were mostly found among parents and spouses of carriers, whilst offspring and siblings were usually high responders. The main discriminant in predicting a good response was age below 12 years. Hyporesponsiveness did not occur in family clusters. No major HBV events occurred among immunized relatives patients. Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective in immunizing relatives of HBV carriers while no genetic conditioning of the immune response is evident among them.
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PMID:Hepatitis B vaccination of relatives of hepatitis B virus DNA positive carriers: an experience with plasma-derived vaccine. 252 16

Infectious hepatitis is a major problem for patients with end-stage renal disease and for staff caring for these patients. Initially hepatitis B was the major cause of hepatitis in dialysis patients and staff. Patients had a tendency to develop chronic hepatitis or become chronic carriers of the virus while staff either developed typical acute hepatitis or a primary antibody response. The discovery of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the screening of transfused blood for HBsAg, and the institution of infection control measures including isolation techniques have resulted in a remarkable decrease in the incidence of this disease. Nonetheless, the problem of infectious hepatitis continues as non-A, non-B hepatitis has become more commonplace among dialysis patients. Unfortunately, no viral markers have been discovered, and blood products remain the major vehicle of transmission. The institution of infection control measures similar to those used to control hepatitis B has probably been effective in controlling the spread of this disease. It is hoped that the discovery of the etiologic agent(s), with the eventual goal of screening blood products and the development of a vaccine, will lead to full control of this disorder.
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PMID:Infectious hepatitis in dialysis patients. 310 37

To study the effect of postexposure vaccination, four chimpanzees were vaccinated with hepatitis B (HB) vaccine 4, 8, 48, and 72 hr, respectively, after intravenous injection of an infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV) inoculum. The second and third vaccine inoculations were given 2 and 6 weeks later, i.e., at considerably shorter intervals than recommended either for ordinary prophylactic vaccination or for postexposure vaccination in combination with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). The chimpanzees were followed for 1 year. None showed HBs-antigenemia, liver enzyme elevation (ALT), or histopathological alterations in liver biopsies. Late appearance of anti-HBc was observed only in the serum of the animal whose series of vaccination started 72 hr after HBV inoculation. An unvaccinated control chimpanzee, which received the HBV inoculum only, developed clinical hepatitis B with ALT-elevations and HBs-antigenemia within 2 months of the experimental HBV inoculation. These results indicate that postexposure vaccination against hepatitis B begun within 48 hr after HBV exposure, with short intervals between the vaccine injections, can protect against hepatitis B infection also when concomitant HBIG-prophylaxis is not given.
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PMID:Successful postexposure vaccination against hepatitis B in chimpanzees. 317 58

Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) that contain an internal image component that mimics the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) were used to immunize chimpanzees. Four injections of the rabbit anti-Id preparation elicited an antibody response to HBsAg (anti-HBs). The antibody specificity appeared to be against the anti-Id, since the anti-Id immunogen was shown to bind the chimpanzee anti-HBs. Two chimpanzees immunized with the anti-Id, along with two control animals that were either untreated or received a nonimmune rabbit immunoglobulin G preparation, were challenged with infectious hepatitis B virus. Both control chimpanzees developed clinical and serological characteristics consistent with an active hepatitis B virus infection, whereas the two anti-Id treated chimpanzees were protected from infection. Since chimpanzees provide a relevant model of a human response to hepatitis B virus immunization and infection, these results indicate that anti-Id preparations such as that described here might be candidates for vaccines against human diseases.
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PMID:Anti-idiotypic antibody vaccine for type B viral hepatitis in chimpanzees. 395 5

Detailed screening of the patients and staff in a unit specializing in liver disease was carried out over a year to ascertain whether transmission of the serum hepatitis virus was occurring and whether the situation was comparable in any way to that found in a Renal Haemodialysis Unit. Of the 154 patients with liver disease tested on admission, 6% were found to have Australia antigen in the serum and throughout the year there were rarely less than two patients in the ward at any one time with positive serum. No instances of clinical hepatitis were detected in the other patients following their stay in the ward or in their attendant medical, nursing and lay staff. Six staff members were found to have Australia antigen in their serum. In four of these, all nurses, it was present in the first sample tested and so the infection may have been acquired earlier. Temporary elevations in both plasma bilirubin and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were found in another five staff members whose serum was negative for Australia antigen and who clinically were well. In a further eight and apparently healthy staff members, an isolated but persistent elevation of the plasma bilirubin was noted. In both groups these changes could represent the spread of subclinical infectious hepatitis and it is recommended that in units dealing with ;liver patients' not only should considerable care be taken during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures but the medical and nursing staff should be screened at regular intervals.
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PMID:Screening for transmission of hepatitis within a liver unit. 450 39

The liver histology in infectious hepatitis or hepatitis A (HA) and serum hepatitis or hepatitis B (HB) is generally described as identical. However, the clinical separation of the two types has been a problem. Today a serological reaction based on the well documented association between hepatitis antigen and HB is of great assistance in the differential diagnosis. The present study of 165 hepatitis cases separated into hepatitis A and B by this test method indicates quantitative differences in the liver histology of the two types. Thus HB was associated with more prominent parenchymal cell damage and Kupffer cell reaction, while intrahepatic cholestasis was found in a significantly higher frequency in cases presumed to represent HA. The presence of intrahepatic cholestasis was associated with higher levels of serum bilirubin but otherwise no correlation was found between liver morphology and biochemical liver tests. The patients included a group of young intravenous amphetamine addicts with HB. No differences of importance were found histologically in addicts and other patients with hepatitis B.
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PMID:Liver morphology in acute viral hepatitis related to the hepatitis B antigen. 464 96


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