Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hepatoma is a rare disease in Natal Indians. It occurs in male patients in the fifth decade. They have no history of alcohol intake. The main presenting feature is abdominal pain, weight loss and hepatomegaly. Blood tests reveal a raised alkaline phosphatase, hypoalbuminaemia, hypergammaglobulinaemia and markedly raised gamma glutamyl transferase. The tumour is a single large expanding mass in the right lobe. The patient usually presents in a late stage of the illness and shows a progressive downhill course. Hepatitis B virus infection is emerging as the likeliest carcinogen.
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PMID:Hepatocellular carcinoma in South African Indians resident in Natal. 198

Hairy cell leukemia is a rare disease, probably of B-lymphocyte origin, that has been reported to rarely occur with polyarteritis nodosa. The records of 31 patients with hairy cell leukemia were reviewed for an association with other disorders of the immune system; such an association was found more often than previously suspected. Four cases are discussed--one with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive polyarteritis nodosa and another with an IgA (kappa) monoclonal gammopathy and amyloidosis of the kidney, liver, and small bowel. The other two patients had cutaneous vasculitis, one of which was a rare form of leukocytoclastic angiitis--erythema elevatum diutinum. Because the number of patients in this study is small, it is impossible to say whether the association of hairy cell leukemia with any of these immunologic disorders adversely affects survival.
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PMID:The association of hairy cell leukemia with unusual immunologic disorders. 708 14

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare disease whose frequency has been decreasing over the past 10 years. We evaluated 41 patients with HBV-related PAN to determine the circumstances leading to infection, the clinical features of vasculitis, the prognostic factors, and the response to therapy. Most patients were first treated briefly with corticosteroids, and all were included in 2 nonrandomized prospective therapeutic trials of an antiviral agent (35 patients with vidarabine, 6 patients with interferon-alpha 2b) and plasma exchanges. The mean duration of follow-up was 69.6 +/- 44.8 months. At the end of the study, 21 (51.2%) patients had seroconverted to anti-HBeAb and 10 (24.4%) also had seroconverted to anti-HBsAb. In all, 23 (56%) patients no longer expressed serologic evidence of HBV replication. All 33 (80.5%) patients still alive at the end of follow-up recovered from PAN. Nineteen also recovered from HBV infection and were considered to be cured; 13 patients had persistent HBV infection and were considered to be in clinical recovery; and 1 patient was in remission, maintained with steroid therapy. Eight patients died during the study period; 3 deaths were directly attributable to PAN. HBV-related PAN is an acute disease, occurring shortly after infection and sharing the characteristics of classic PAN. It is not an antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA)-mediated vasculitis. The outcome was good for patients treated with short-term steroid therapy, antiviral agents, and plasma exchanges. We propose this protocol as the first treatment for HBV-related PAN, because it surpasses the conventional treatment with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, which facilitates viral replication and the development of chronic HBV infection.
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PMID:Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. A prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. 756 65

In patients with chronic diarrhoea investigations exceptionally reveal a common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia. A 42-year old man presenting with chronic bronchitis and asymptomatic post-hepatitis B cirrhosis was hospitalized for evaluation of a chronic diarrhoea accompanied by altered general condition. Investigations detected global hypogammaglobulinaemia, diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia of the small bowel, and lambliasis. Treatment with gammaglobulins and antibiotics resulted in disappearance of symptoms. This was a rare disease due to a primary disorder where global hypogammaglobulinaemia was associated with a normal number of circulating B-cells. Prognosis was cautious in view of the risk of malignant proliferation.
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PMID:[Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia. A rare cause of chronic diarrhea. A case]. 827 24

Systemic vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of diseases. Having only a partial understanding of the aetiologies and pathogenetic mechanisms of these disorders explains the difficulties encountered in classifying and treating patients. Nevertheless, some important points have been established. Classification is mainly based on the size of vessels affected and, from the polyarteritis nodosa group, microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) has been separated from classic polyarteritis nodosa (c-PAN). The latter is a rare disease which is, in a small number of cases, the consequence of hepatitis B or C virus (HBV/HCV) infection. In the other cases of c-PAN and in MPA, the aetiology is unknown as for Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) and Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). MPA, CSS and WG are mainly antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-related vasculitides. ANCA play a part in the pathogenesis of diseases and are sometimes useful markers for diagnosis and follow-up. Vasculitis treatments should be chosen according to classification, aetiology, pathogenetic mechanisms, severity and predictable outcome. In virus-associated vasculitides, treatment is based on the combination of antiviral agents and symptomatic or immunomodulating therapies. HBV-related PAN and HCV-related cryoglobulinaemia respond to interferon-alpha and to plasma exchange. Responses are excellent in HBV-PAN but usually partial in HCV-cryoglobulinaemia, and relapses occur in the majority of cases. MPA, c-PAN, WG and other vasculitides respond to corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents, mainly cyclophosphamide. Treatment duration and ways of administration can vary from one disease to another. Plasma exchange is not recommended as the first-line treatment. Immunoglobulins and other immunomodulating treatments are indicated in limited cases and their indications necessitate further prospective studies.
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PMID:Classification and management of necrotising vasculitides. 912 67

Since the introduction of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and nucleoside/nucleotide antivirals in the 1990's, outcomes of LT for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease, regardless of whether for decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma satisfying Milan criteria or fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), have been favorable with results comparable if not better to other liver transplant recipients. Unfortunately the same optimism does not hold true for hepatitis C which differs from post- transplant hepatitis B in many ways, most striking of which are the limited options for treatment of recurrent hepatitis C (HCV). As time has passed, the initial enthusiasm for liver transplantation for HCV has waned as the original excellent five year survival rates have now translated into disappointing medium- and long-term survival data. Cirrhosis can also develop in between 10-25% of patients by five years post-transplant which in turn has led to recurrent HCV-related cirrhosis emerging as an important yet controversial indication for retransplantation. A variety of diseases can cause FHF with drug-related hepatotoxicity, particularly from acetaminophen accounting for 50-60% of cases in United Kingdom and the United States while viral hepatitis appears to be declining as a cause. Although FHF is a relatively rare disease affecting approximately 2000 patients per year in the United States, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality without transplantation yet only 25% of patients in the United States undergo liver transplantation. This review article will discuss liver transplantation for HBV and HCV and will conclude with reviewing the etiology, epidemiology and management of FHF.
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PMID:Liver transplant for viral hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure. 1921 11

Reasons why long-term travel (> or =3 months) increases health risks are many, but mainly related to travellers' behaviour. On top of immunizations proposed to all travellers, those against hepatitis B, rabies and typhoid fever should be encouraged, but require time and money. Some vaccines like meningococcal vaccine and japanese encephalitis need to be discussed according to the destination. Tuberculosis is a rare disease in travellers in general but the incidence in health care workers reaches the one of the local population at risk, and therefore tuberculosis detection is recommended.
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PMID:[Tuberculosis detection and immunization of long-term travellers]. 1953 May 30

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may be idiopathic, familial or associated with various disease processes. The vascular lesions common to all are the plexiform lesions. It is well documented that the plexiform lesions are angioproliferative, but what leads to this angioproliferation is not so clear. Here, we consider the association of viruses, including HIV, human herpesvirus-8, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, with angioproliferation and the development of PAH. The pathogenesis of viral infections often involves proangiogenic and prosurvival signals, similar to the signals found in the phenotypically abnormal endothelial cells of PAH. However, viral infections alone are unlikely to lead to PAH because - much like the viral induction of cancers - additional cofactors, including genetic predisposition, are undoubtedly required for the development of disease. In this article, we also discuss how a dysregulated immune system, in conjunction with a viral infection, could cause PAH. Both autoimmune diseases and viruses are associated with defects in the immune regulatory system, primarily in the T-cell system. These T-cell defects may be a common pathway for the formation of plexiform lesions. Regardless of the route by which viruses may lead to PAH, it is important to recognize their role in this rare disease. Studies of viral pathways in angioproliferation - both in vitro and in animal models - may lead to novel therapeutic targets in PAH.
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PMID:Viral infection and pulmonary hypertension: is there an association? 2151 Jul 31

There are more microorganisms that colonize the human body than resident cells; some are commensal whereas others are pathogenic. Pathogenic microorganisms are sensed by the innate or adaptive immune system, an immune response is initiated, and the infection is often cleared. Some microorganisms have developed strategies to evade immune defenses, ensuring their long-term survival with potentially devastating consequences for the host. Approximately 18% of all cancers can be attributed to infective agents; the most common being Helicobacter pylori, Human papilloma virus (HPV) and Hepatitis B and C virus in causing stomach, cervical and liver carcinoma, respectively. This review focuses on whether HPV infection is necessary for initiating pterygia, a common benign condition and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), a rare disease with metastatic potential. The search engine PubMed was used to identify articles from the literature related to HPV and pterygium or conjunctival neoplasia. From 34 investigations that studied HPV in pterygia and OSSN, a prevalence rate of 18.6% (136/731) and 33.8% (144/426), respectively, was recorded. The variation in HPV prevalence (0-100%) for both disease groups may have arisen from study-design faults and the techniques used to identify the virus. Overall, the data suggest that HPV is not necessary for initiating either condition but may be a co-factor in susceptible hosts. Currently, over 60 million people worldwide have been immunized with HPV vaccines, but any effect on pterygium and OSSN development may not be known for some time as these lesions can evolve over decades or occur in older individuals.
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PMID:Association of human papilloma virus with pterygia and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia. 2213 94

Warm antibody autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, a rare disease (0.2-1 per 100,000 populations), is due to the presence of warm agglutinins that react with protein antigens on the surface of red blood cells causing their premature destruction. Here, we present a case report of a 10 year old girl who came with features of haemolytic anaemia and history of blood transfusion since 3 years. On admission. laboratory test revealed that she had autoimmune hepatitis type 1 and was also an asymptomatic carrier of hepatitis B virus with positive HBs Ag. Steroid therapy resulted in clinical and laboratory remission. Direct antiglobulin test was negative after anaemia resolution, hepatitis B virus antigenemia persisted. To our knowledge, warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anaemia has not previously been described in association with autoimmune hepatitis and asymptomatic carrier state of hepatitis B virus.
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PMID:Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and autoimmune hepatitis in an asymptomatic carrier of hepatitis B virus. 2220 96


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