Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The second vaccination campaign against Hepatitis B in Lausanne concerned 1243 students of the seventh grade. This campaign was actively supported by personalized information given to each adolescent in the class room. The decisions were collected in the same way, and in necessary the nurse phoned the parents for further information. In comparison with the previous year, the coverage had grown from 63.5% to 78.5%, but varied in each class between 42% and 92%, whatever the class type. The factors which influence acceptance of the vaccination are coverage for the other vaccines, origin, and class, which has up to five times more effect than the other factors. Assessment of the vaccination coverage against Diphteria, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Pertussis, Measles and MMR is given in relation to the acceptance of the Hepatitis B vaccination and the class type.
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PMID:[Vaccination against hepatitis B in school: factors influencing acceptance and evaluation of general vaccination coverage ]. 1121 May 97

The aim of this retrospective long-term investigation was to compare the recommended routine vaccinations for school starters in the region of Dingolfing-Landau, recording the results separately by birth years and comparing these with one another. It was to show to what extent changes in the quantitative measures in the vaccination behaviour were recorded over a period of one decade, respectively to what extent the current recommendations of any one time of the STIKO (Permanent Vaccination Commission of the Robert Koch-Institute) were reflected within each age group. For this purpose during the annual standardised examinations of school starters the rates of vaccinations were recorded according to the various birth years and sex, determined and anonomously evaluated. It was found that of the total eleven examined birth years the vaccinations in series of BCG was reduced continually from a commencing 50 % plus to under 10 %. Regarding vaccinations against diphtheria, tetanus and polio the frequency for the total examined period commenced at a rate of under 90 %, increasing to over 90 % for the birth years of 1989 and beyond. No child of the birth year of 1984 was completely vaccinated against HiB, whereas the rate of vaccinations rose relatively quickly so that by the birth year 1994 over 90 % of the school starters were completely immunised against this infectious disease. As far as the pertussis and MMR vaccinations were concerned the rate at the beginning of the observation period was between 40 % and 60 %, increasing continually in the following period to over 80 %. By the middle 'eighties hardly any school starters had been vaccinated against hepatitis B, whereas, in the last five examined birth years the rate increased relatively quickly to 64 % maximum. At the beginning of the observed period nearly every fifth school starter had, age related, complete vaccination protection, in respect of the then valid STIKO recommendations. At the end of this decade this applied only to every twelfth child. Due to the high rates of participation of school starters examinations carried out by the Public Child and Youth Health Service it is possible to determine the vaccination rates of children as it relates to the routine vaccinations carried out over a longer period and on a topical basis. As a result the vaccination behaviour, respectively the willingness of a relevant target group during that period can be shown quantitatively. As the investigations of the RKI (Robert Koch-Institute) have shown, the share of the strict opponents of vaccinations is merely between 1.5 % and 5 % resulting in the necessity for intensive educational work and the development of effective vaccination strategies which are needed in order to stabilise the rates of vaccinations, respectively to meet epidemiological requirements at a high level and to further improve the present rate.
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PMID:[Immunisation rates of routine vaccinations for school starters as a quantitative measure in the vaccination behaviour]. 1173 67

Recently multiple individual vaccines were put together into one syringe. This is ideal to simplify the administration of vaccines and reduce emotional distress from multiple injections. However, combination of many vaccines may interfere with the properties of each individual antigen and complicate the schedule. From earlier studies, most of the combinations of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (whole-cell) vaccine (DTPw), Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib), hepatitis B vaccine (HBV), and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) were safe and adequately immunogenic. On the other hand, there was a notable reduction in anti-PRP when Hib was combined with acellular pertussis vaccine (DTPa). Combination of hepatitis A vaccine and HBV was safe and effective. Those coming soon in the pipeline are DTPa-Hib-HBV, MMR-varicella, pneumococcal-meningococcal. With the increase in demand, health-care providers need to be acquainted to these combination vaccines. The bottom line is to make sure that the children get vaccination appropriately.
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PMID:Combination vaccines. 1240 49

We reviewed vaccine development in the past, at present and possible future, and described new vaccines, which will be introduced in Japan in the near future. The introduction of gene technology has promoted advances in vaccines. A subunit vaccine of hepatitis B, a recombinant vaccine for rotavirus and an enhanced inactivated polio vaccine have been developed. DNA vaccines and mucosal vaccines with adjuvants have been studied recently. They are promising, but safety, cost and benefits should be taken into consideration for vaccine development. In Japan, we cannot use MMR vaccines, but MR or imported MMR vaccines have been tested and are awaiting approval. Hemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and inactivated polio vaccine are also awaiting approval in Japan.
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PMID:[Vaccine development]. 1244 Jan 34

Vaccines against infectious diseases have been available since the 1800s, when an immunization strategy against smallpox developed by Jenner gained wide acceptance. Until recently, the only vaccination strategies available involved the use of protein-based, whole killed, and attenuated live virus vaccines. These strategies have led to the development of effective vaccines against a variety of diseases with primary or prominent cutaneous manifestations. Effective and safe vaccines now used worldwide include those directed against measles and rubella (now commonly used together with a mumps vaccine as the trivalent MMR), chickenpox, and hepatitis B. The eradication of naturally occurring smallpox remains one of the greatest successes in the history of modern medicine, but stockpiles of live smallpox exist in the United States and Russia. Renewed interest in the smallpox vaccine reflects concerns about a possible bioterrorist threat using this virus. Yellow fever is a hemorrhagic virus endemic to tropical areas of South America and Africa. An effective vaccine for this virus has existed since 1937, and it is used widely in endemic areas of South America, and to a lesser extent in Africa. This vaccine is recommended once every 10 years for people who are traveling to endemic areas. Advances in immunology have led to a greater understanding of immune system function in viral diseases. Progress in genetics and molecular biology has allowed researchers to design vaccines with novel mechanisms of action (eg, DNA, vector, and VLP vaccines). Vaccines have also been designed to specifically target particular viral components, allowing for stimulation of various arms of the immune system as desired. Ongoing research shows promise in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination for viral infections with cutaneous manifestations. Further studies are necessary before vaccines for HSV, HPV, and HIV become commercially available.
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PMID:Vaccines for viral diseases with dermatologic manifestations. 1275 57

Rates of reported adverse events are remarkably low. VAERS identifies an adverse event rate approximating 11.4 reports per 100,000 vaccine doses. Approximately 15% of these reports represent SAEs, but less than 2% involve death; in most cases, reviews have shown no causal relation between the events and the vaccine. Across the spectrum of vaccines in use (including those directed against influenza and hepatitis B virus), many claims of adverse events regarding vaccines represent typical reactions to vaccinations. These reactions can be thought of as foreign-body reactions and predominate among the inactivated vaccines. In controlled studies, the adverse event rates that occur with vaccination resemble those that occur with placebo injections. Typical reactions associated with live viral and bacterial vaccines, such as MMR and varicella vaccines, may resemble attenuated forms of the disease for which the vaccine is directed. Other claims against vaccines represent chance-coincidence or misunderstood data; further studies of claims have vindicated the overall safety of the vaccines in most cases. Two documented safety concerns with vaccines, however, have demonstrated that vaccines (like other biologics and pharmacologic) can result in harm (eg, rotavirus and OPV vaccines). The denouement with these vaccines indicates the broad postmarketing data collection and evaluation that extends efforts made with prelicensure study to balance the benefits from vaccination with the risk for harm. Overall, measures including prelicensure study and postlicensure surveillance, such as VAERS, the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, and the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Centers, have resulted in an exceptional safety profile for the vaccines in use.
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PMID:Vaccine safety. 1475 82

Vaccinations protect to a high degree against infectious diseases, but may cause side effects. In the Netherlands since 1962 the adverse events following immunizations are registered and analysed by the National Institute of Health and Environment (RIVM). Since 1983 a permanent Committee of the Dutch Health Council reviews adverse events reported to the RIVM. With the so-called killed vaccines the side effects are mainly local (redness, swelling, pain) or general (fever, listlessness, irritability, sleep and eating problems). They are seen mainly after DPT-IPV vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and poliomyelitis. Some side effects occur rarely (collapse reactions, discoloured legs, persistent screaming and convulsions) and very rarely serious neurological events are reported. After MMR vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella, cases of arthritis, thrombocytopenia and ataxia are reported sporadically. Usually, they have a spontaneous recovery. During recent years a scala of diseases or symptoms have been associated with vaccination (presumed side effects). Careful and extensive investigations have shown that such hypotheses could not be supported. Examples are allergic diseases as asthma, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis (after hepatitis B vaccination), autism and inflammatory bowel disease (after MMR vaccination) and sudden infant death syndrome. The total number of cases where at least a possible relation between side effects and vaccination is observed--apart from local reactions and moderate general symptoms--is very rare (about 0.25 per 1000 vaccinations) and does not balance the benefits from vaccination. There appears increasing doubt about the use and safety of vaccinations. More research is needed about the motives of people to choose for and against vaccination. The education about vaccination for parents and professionals who are involved with vaccination has to be improved. Internet can play an important role.
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PMID:[Childhood vaccinations anno 2004. II. The real and presumed side effects of vaccination]. 1503 89

The pharmacovigilance of vaccines has the particularity of concerning medications with a preventative target, used in healthy subjects, who are often young. Their individual benefit is deferred and unknown, whereas their risk is immediate. Certain undesirable effects are linked to the antigen of live attenuated vaccines (post-MMR lymphocytic meningitis). Other non-specific effects are linked to other different components of the vaccines (macrophage and aluminium myofasciitis). Undesirable events susceptible to being due to the vaccination are identified and managed according to standardised procedures of pharmacovigilance, that is to say, based on "spontaneous notification", generation of an alert, confirmed or not by studies of pharmaco-epidemiology. The studies of pharmaco-epidemiology: have made evident oedematous reactions with cyanosis or purpura, with the vaccines containing the Haemophilus b valence, and the absence of an association with sudden death of the newborn; have excluded the existence of an elevated risk of demyelinisation or auto-immune disease associated with vaccination against hepatitis B, without being able to exclude a slight risk; go against the finding of an association between Crohn's disease and/or autisim and the MMR vaccination. Only their frequently encountered undesirable effects are well identified at the moment of commercialisation. Post-marketing surveillance of vaccines (declaration to the regional pharmacovigilance centres) allow the detection of possible rare and serious effects and the evaluation of the real vaccination risk. Thus it must be intensive and systematic.
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PMID:[Vaccines pharmacovigilance]. 1517 12

A prospective observational naturalistic study was conducted to assess the reactogenicity of the combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B (HAB) vaccine in a real-life setting. All healthy candidates for HAB vaccination attending an adult vaccination centre between October 1998 and February 2000 were invited to participate in the study. A follow-up diary card was provided to subjects to record local and general symptoms during a 4-day follow-up. Intensity was graded from 1 to 3. Redness was recorded as presence or absence. Fever was defined as axillar temperature > or =37.5 degrees C and grade 3 >39.0 degrees C. For all other symptoms, grade 3 was defined as an adverse reaction preventing normal everyday activities; 998 subjects (74% females), mean age (+/-S.D.) of 23 years (+/-4.5) (range: 11-54 years) agreed to participate. At first immunization 92% were <30 years old. Grade 3 pain and swelling was recorded in 1.2% and 0.3% of local symptom sheets completed, respectively; 438 subjects received the HAB vaccine alone (group 1) whereas 560 received at least one concomitant vaccine (group 2). In 45%, 27%, 18% and 10% of subjects the HAB vaccine was coadministered with 1, 2, 3 or 4 to 6 vaccines (mainly Td adult-type, typhoid, MMR and IPV vaccine). Grade 3 pain and swelling were recorded in 1.2% & 0.3% of symptom sheets (SS), respectively. In group 1, any fever and grade 3 fever was recorded in 3.5% and 0.1% of SS. Group 1 versus 2 had a lower risk for any fatigue (p=0.0002; OR=0.617) and any malaise (p=0.0076; OR=0.693) but not for grade 3 symptoms. In conclusion, our study showed that the HAB vaccine is well tolerated in adults either alone or coadministered with other vaccines in the routine clinical practice.
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PMID:Reactogenicity profile of a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in clinical practice: a naturalistic study in adult travellers. 1575 32

Safety of vaccines must be excellent to make vaccine's strategy acceptable, since it usually has a deferred individual benefit but immediate adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Pharmacovigilance of vaccines after their marketing is crucial because, prior to its availability on the market, the size of clinical trials is insufficient to identify rare or deferred adverse effects. The Pharmacovigilance is based on "spontaneous reporting" of ADRs to the Pharmacovigilance Regional Centre (PVRC) which establishes a relationship between each drug taken by the patient and the ADRs occurrence (imputability). This method is crucial to generate alerts, but under-estimates the real frequency of ADRs (1 to 10% of severe ADRs are reported). Thus pharmacoepidemiology studies are necessary to confirm the alerts identified by spontaneous reporting. ADRs can be specific, related to the antigen of an attenuated alive virus vaccine (lymphocyte meningitis after anti-mumps vaccine) or non-specific, related to a component different from the antigen (aluminium hydroxide involved in the "macrophagic myofasciitis", allergic reactions to neomycin, latex, egg or gelatine). Importance of Pharmacovigilance of vaccines is illustrated. Data, especially case-control studies, about the relationship between multiple sclerosis and hepatitis B vaccine are summarised. Data about the relationship between Crohn's disease or autism and MMR vaccine are analysed. As vaccines are used in healthy people, their safety must be excellent to be accepted. To monitor them after their marketing is the unique way to detect rare ADRs. This surveillance is made through reporting of ADRs to the PVRC. However, an active and intensive surveillance of ADRs as the one set up from the marketing of Prevenar should be systematic.
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PMID:[Pharmacovigilance of vaccines]. 1634 70


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