Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The total number of end-stage renal failure patients treated by renal replacement therapy increased, from 1435 at 31 December 2000 to 1542 at 31 December 2001 (7.5% increase). At the end of 2001, 771 p.m.p. end-stage renal failure patients were treated by renal replacement therapy in Slovenia, 73% of them with haemodialysis, 7.4% with peritoneal dialysis and 19.7% had a functioning graft. Incident (new) patients in 2001 were 144 p.m.p. The number of haemodialysis patients increased by 7% compared with the year before, the number of patients on peritoneal dialysis decreased by 3.4% and the number of patients with a functioning graft increased by 13.9%. The gross mortality rate of dialysis patients was stable between the years and was 10.4% in 2001. Erythropoietin therapy was prescribed to 87.3% of dialysis patients (88.9% of haemodialysis patients and 71.7% of patients on peritoneal dialysis). The number of dialysis patients positive for hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus is relatively low, 3.2% of all dialysis patients; an increased number of MRSA-positive dialysis patients is observed in 2001 (2.9% of all dialysis patients). The epidemiology of renal replacement therapy in Slovenia is in general comparable with that of the countries of the European Union.
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PMID:Renal replacement therapy in Slovenia: annual report 2001. 1281 72

In the early 60s the first specialists for hospital hygiene came on the scene in Scandinavia too. From the outset this new discipline was based on cooperation between doctors and nurses, with the support of hospital-based microbiology laboratories and of sterilization departments. Teaching programs were soon devised, with training being underpinned by manuals featuring working instructions. Automated washing facilities for bedpans, etc. or washing machines for medical instruments became widespread practice very quickly; these initially used hot water, and later steam, for disinfection. For many years now, this equipment is found not only in hospitals but in virtually all healthcare establishments too. This has considerably helped to reduce chemical disinfection of medical instruments. As regards disinfection of heat-sensitive instruments the Scandinavian countries adopted different approaches: Finland gave preference to ethylene oxide sterilization, while Sweden opted for lower temperatures and for formaldehyde (low-temperature, steam formaldehyde (LTSF) sterilization), a technique imported from England and further developed in Sweden. During the 70s there were several cases of hepatitis B infections contracted in hospitals, particularly in dialysis units and by hospital personnel. The requirement that gloves be worn when carrying out working procedures has resulted in a major decrease in the infection rate and has helped to prevent HIV (AIDS) infections. However, to date it has not been possible to offset the risk of bloodborne infection against latex intolerance. Infection statistics were introduced in the 80s and since the late 90s we, too, are waging battle (later than other countries) against resistant bacteria (MRSA, VRE, multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria). For some years now we no longer use the term "hospital hygiene" either, using instead "infection in healthcare settings" in view of the extended fields of application. Whether our strategy has proved successful for prevention of infection? Who could give a clear answer to such a question? Cost pressures in the healthcare sector will have a negative effect on the infection rate despite the fact that the progress made by science should really bring about a reduction in this rate. This conjures up a situation analogous to that of a downward escalator that one is trying to ascend: it is as if one were not moving, not making any progress.
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PMID:Forty years of control of healthcare-associated infections in Scandinavia. 2020 Jun 70

Renal Registry (RR) of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established in 2002, with aim to follow up the trends of Renal Replacement Therapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The prevalence of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) in Bosnia and Herzegovina is rising steadily. One reason for this is an increasing number of patients starting RRT. The aim is to present the epidemiology and treatment of all aspects of RRT in Bosnia and Herzegovina in period 2002-2008. Centre-related and patient-related questionnaires were sent to all 25 dialysis centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The demographic data, prevalence and incidence, type of renal replacement therapy, cause of ESRD, erythropoietin administration, cause of death, and type of vascular access were obtained from the questionnaires. Collected data were analysed using SPSS statistics. The number of patients treated by Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) increased steadily from 1,531 patients in 2002 to the 2,206 at the 2008 (43%). The prevalence has increased from 399 pmp in 2002 to 696 pmp. in 2008. Incidence (new patients) in 2002 was 110 pmp and incidence rate in 2008 was 163, and there were 249 new patients (day 1). The mean age for new patients increased from 60 years in 2002 to 63.5 years in 2008 and the population over 75 years rate from 8.79% to 11.3%. Most ESRD patients in Bosnia and Herzegovina are undergoing intermittent hemodialysis (92%), while some patients (8%) are treated by peritoneal dialysis and transplantation. The most significant cause of ESRD in 2008 was chronic glomerulonephritis (421 patients, 19.2%), followed by pyelonephritis (414 patients, 18.9%), BEN (14.7%) and Diabetes mellitus (12.2%). Hepatitis B and C virus infections had 397 (16.3%) patients, out of them 22 had both type of infections and 98 patients had B type infection. Only 10.5% of patients were tested on MRSA and 3 patients were positive on MRSA. There were no HIV-positive patients on RRT. The most common type of vascular access was AV fistula in 85% patients, AV graft 2% and catheters in 13%. Out of hemodialysis patients, 85.7% received ESA almost s.c. The median weekly dose was 4,000 UI. Cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death, gross mortality rate of dialysis patients being 13.01% in 2008. The need for RRT in Bosnia and Herzegovina is increasing and the number of patients increased by 43% since 2002. Hemodialysis is still the most common modality of treatment (92%), while proportion of PD and transplantation is slowly increasing. The preventive measures are necessary to prevent ESRD and also to decrease the number of patients on dialysis.
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PMID:Trends in Renal Replacement Therapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2002-2008. 2043 25