Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Asia, Africa, and other tropical areas, primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) is associated with liver cirrhosis of the postnecrotic (macronodular) type. Chronic viral hepatitis is likely to be the cause of this cirrhosis in many patients from regions where chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is common. More than 95% of patients with hepatoma (in Mali and Senegal) have evidence of infection with HBV, a much higher frequency than in controls. Thirty-nine of 62 patients with PHC had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (controls, 8 of 98) and 56 of 63 (controls, 26 of 100) had antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). In earlier studies, we demonstrated a maternal effect of HBsAg. If the mother has the antigen and the father does not, the children are much more likely to also have HBsAg than if the father has the antigen and the mother does not (93/161 = 57.8% when mother is positive vs. 28/135 = 20.7% when father is positive; P = 0.6 X 10(-10)). Studies in Greece and in the Solomon Islands show that presence of HBsAg in parents affects the sex ratio of the offspring of the mating. This implies that the presence of the agent in a parent can affect the fetus early in life. Parental studies in the west African hepatoma patients showed that there is a very high frequency of HBsAg in mothers (71.6%), while the frequency in fathers (18.5%) is significantly less. This suggests that the development of hepatoma in offspring is related to infection in parents. Several years ago, we described a vaccine which may be useful in preventing infection with hepatitis B. Strategies are discussed which might be effective in preventing the development of carriers with, it is hoped, a consequent decrease in the frequency of HBV carriers, chronic hepatitis, and primary hepatic carcinoma. The strategy would employ methods for decreasing the frequency of the agent in the environment by the application of public health methods including the vaccination of appropriate newborns and other members of the population.
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PMID:The relation of infection with the hepatitis B agent to primary hepatic carcinoma. 17 34

In Asia, Africa and other tropical areas primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) is associated with liver cirrhosis of the post-necrotic (macronodular) type. Chronic viral hepatitis is likely to be the cause of this cirrhosis in many patients from regions where chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is common. More than 95% of patients with hepatoma (in Mali and Senegal) have evidence of infection with HBV, a much higher frequency than in controls. Thirty-nine of 62 PHC patients had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) (controls: 8 of 98) and 56 of 63 (controls: 26 of 100) had antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBC). In earlier studies we demonstrated a maternal effect of HBSAg. If the mother has the antigen and the father does not, the children are much more likely to also have HBSAg than if the father has the antigen and the mother does not (93/161 = 57.8% when mother is positive vs. 28/135 = 20.7% when father is positive; p = 0.6 X 10(-10)). Studies in Greece and in the Solomon Islands show that presence of HBSAg in parents affects the sex ratio of the offspring of the mating. This implies that the presence of the agent in a parent can affect the fetus early in life. Parental studies in the African hepatoma patients showed that there is a very high frequency of HBSAg in mothers (71.6%) while the frequency in fathers (18.5%) is significantly less. This suggests that the development of hepatoma in offspring is related to infection in parents. We described a vaccine several years ago which may be useful in preventing infection with hepatitis B. Strategies are discussed which might be effective in preventing the development of carriers with, it is hoped, a consequent decrease in the frequency of HBV carriers, chronic hepatitis and primary hepatic carcinoma. The strategy would employ methods for decreasing the frequency of the agent in the environment by the application of public health methods including the vaccination of appropriate newborns and other members of the population.
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PMID:[The relation of infection with the hepatitis B-agent to primary hepatic carcinoma (author's transl)]. 19 Apr 99

Dramatic advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of the major viral diseases of the liver have been made. Hepatitis B and A viruses have been identified, with specific diagnostic serologic assays commercially available for these infections. The diagnosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis is currently made by exclusion. Morphological alterations in viral hepatitis are similar, regardless of the etiologic agent. Chronic viral hepatitis may be associated with hepatitis B and non-A, non-B, but not with hepatitis A. Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus is associated with an increased incidence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Viruses similar to the hepatitis B virus cause the same spectrum of liver disease in certain animals. With the development of a vaccine against hepatitis B virus infection, it may be possible to prevent a large proportion of worldwide chronic liver disease, as well as primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:The biology of viral hepatitis. 628 89

Chronic viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis B, C or D may lead to cirrhosis, hepatocellular failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The morbidity of these diseases has necessitated a prolonged search for effective therapy. Interferon-alpha has been studied widely, and remains the mainstay of treatment. Therapy for hepatitis B has now become possible with the demonstration that alpha-interferons inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and that prolonged therapy can lead to a remission in disease. A number of other cytokines, including thymosin, are being evaluated. Currently used nucleoside analogues and anti-retroviral therapies used in human immunodeficiency virus infection have not proven useful in chronic hepatitis B. There are a number of new experimental nucleoside analogues with activity against HBV. Unfortunately, fialuridine has been associated with severe mitochondrial damage and hepatotoxicity. Other stereoisomers may be more active and less toxic, but the potential danger of these drugs indicates that large scale clinical trials should proceed cautiously. Experimental test systems for the preliminary investigation of antiviral compounds in hepatitis B and C will be required. Antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides may inhibit the expression of the HBV genes. The natural history of hepatitis C is uncertain. Therapeutic trials of interferon-alpha indicated that a proportion of patients may respond to treatment with this agent. There is most information about 3 mU t.i.w. administered for 6 months. It is not yet clear whether this dose is optimal. Multivariate analysis of several pretreatment parameters indicate that patients without cirrhosis are more responsive to interferon. The influence of genotypes of hepatitis C is the subject of considerable interest at present. Patients with diverse circulating quasispecies may be less responsive to therapy than those with a single major species. Improved responses have been observed in patients with lower levels of circulating hepatitis C virus RNA.
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PMID:Treatment and prevention of chronic viral hepatitis. 771 82

Chronic viral hepatitis frequently goes undetected until cirrhosis develops. Although the effect of interferon on the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in asymptomatic persons is unknown, treatment may modify the course of the infection, producing cures in some. In September 1992, screening for HBV and HCV was offered in 40 centers throughout the United States. Demographic features, potential risk factors, and symptoms were studied. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of serum alanine aminotransferase levels and for markers of HBV and HCV infection. Thirteen thousand nine hundred ninety seven subjects were screened. The prevalence of infection with HBV or HCV was 24.8% (HBV 17.8%; HCV 7.0%; and both 2.8%). Hepatitis B and C disease was present in 0.7% and 4.4% of the population, respectively. Risk factors for HBV and HCV infection were similar in: blood transfusions, hemodialysis, IV drug use, and sex with an IV drug user. For HBV infection, sex with multiple partners, increasing age, and birth in South East Asia or Africa were additional risk factors. The cost to find a case of HCV infection is less than the costs for finding many other treatable diseases. Screening for HBV, though more costly, is reasonably efficient, and simultaneous screening for HBV and HCV provides greater efficiency. It is practical to consider screening for HBV and HCV in the United States, particularly if any risk factor is present. Improved treatment strategies will make screening even more cost effective.
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PMID:Performance characteristics and results of a large-scale screening program for viral hepatitis and risk factors associated with exposure to viral hepatitis B and C: results of the National Hepatitis Screening Survey. National Hepatitis Surveillance Group. 890 63

Chronic viral hepatitis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Four of the six identifiable hepatitis viruses are associated with chronic disease. Until recently, the only accepted treatment has been injected interferon alfa. New antiviral medications currently hold promise in the treatment of hepatitis B. Hepatitis C remains more difficult to treat than hepatitis B, but involving the patient in selecting the treatment and identifying patients with better responses to interferon may help the physician direct the management of such patients more successfully.
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PMID:Management of chronic viral hepatitis. 919 59

In Southeast Asia, schistosomiasis japonica is an important cause of hepatic fibrosis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Reliable methods to investigate portal hypertension (PHT) clinically and epidemiologically on community level are lacking. Doppler sonography is an established tool for investigating PHT in hospital settings. In Leyte, The Philippines, 137 individuals underwent color Doppler sonography, stool examination, and serology for hepatitis B and C, liver cell injury and cholestasis. A total of 85% of the study population had been infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Sonographically, periportal liver fibrosis was seen in 25% and reticular echogenicities (network pattern) in 44%. Portal blood flow was decreased or portosystemic collaterals were present in 10% (adults throughout) and correlated with periportal fibrosis, but not with network lesions. Chronic viral hepatitis was rare. Thus, hepatic lesions are frequent in adults but not in children in areas endemic for S. japonicum. Periportal liver fibrosis indicates a risk of PHT, and network pattern fibrosis apparently does not. Doppler sonography is suitable for research under tropical field conditions.
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PMID:Hepatosplenic morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: evaluation with Doppler sonography. 1040 27

Chronic viral hepatitis may now be controlled and, in many cases, permanently eradicated. Rapid advances in the antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C infection have resulted in a greater than 50% sustained response rate, with genotypes 2 and 3 now considered 'curable diseases.' Current hepatitis B therapy leads to significant improvement in liver histology and overall survival. These advances, coupled with the fact that 8% of the world population is chronically infected with viral hepatitis, has sparked considerable interest in this condition on the part of the pharmaceutical industry. In 2001, the most effective therapy for chronic hepatitis C is the combination of pegylated interferon alpha and oral ribavirin. The treatment of hepatitis B consists of either interferon alpha or oral lamivudine, while newer nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, alone or in combination with existing therapy, are being explored.
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PMID:Treatment of viral hepatitis--2001. 1158 99

An estimated 400 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Chronic viral hepatitis infection incurs serious sequelae such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Prevention and treatment, thus, represent an important target for public health. Preventive vaccines using HBsAg alone or combined with other antigens allow for the generation of neutralizing antibodies which effectively prevent infection in immunocompetent individuals. Cell-mediated immunological mechanisms are thought to be crucial in determining viral persistence or viral elimination. Therapeutic approaches aiming to shift cellular immunity towards viral elimination have been on the research agenda for many years. This paper summarizes pre-clinical and clinical results obtained with the use of immunogenic peptides formulated as vaccines to selectively boost cellular immune responses. Such vaccines are capable of generating cellular immune responses in animal models as well as in humans and represent an important step towards the development of a therapeutic vaccine against chronic hepatitis.
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PMID:Peptide vaccines against hepatitis B virus: from animal model to human studies. 1174 95

Chronic viral hepatitis is a common disease. More than 500 million people have chronic viral hepatitis worldwide. These diseases are due to chronic infection with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus or hepatitis C virus. Chronic viral hepatitis is responsible for severe complications: cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are responsible for major morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prognosis of chronic viral hepatitis depends on the rate of progression of fibrosis, which varies widely from one patient to another. Some factors, such as gender, age, alcohol consumption and immune status, influence the progression of fibrosis. In recent years, treatment of chronic viral hepatitis has markedly improved-especially in chronic hepatitis C, with more than 50% of patients having a sustained response with the combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Also, in chronic hepatitis B, new drugs are available, or being evaluated, and combination therapy could dramatically change future therapeutic strategies.
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PMID:Transition of care between paediatric and adult gastroenterology. Chronic viral hepatitis. 1267 18


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