Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A set of new guidelines were formulated by an expert group meeting in Sweden organized by the pharmaceutical office during March 31-April 1, 1993. It contains various methods to avoid an undesired pregnancy and also advice about postcoital contraception. Among barrier methods, the condom is the only reversible method for men with a method failure of 2 and user failure of 10. It protects against gonorrhea, chlamydia, condyloma, herpes simplex, HIV, and hepatitis B. The diaphragm can be used with a spermicide and protects to a lesser degree against chlamydia, gonorrhea, and cervical cancer. The female condom is as effective as the condom. Among spermicides, nonoxynol-9 is not only effective against sperms but also against bacteria, viruses, and certain vaginal and cervical cells. The vaginal sponge is impregnated with nonoxynol-9 and is effective up to 24 hours. The copper IUD, with a method failure of less than 1, can cause profuse menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and endometritis-salpingitis. Hormonal methods include combination pills (2-phase and 3-phase pills) and gestagen methods (high dose with 150 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate injection every 3 months and low-dose minipills with levonorgestrel, norethisterone, or lynestrol). Mechanisms of action concern combination pills, gestagen methods, minipills, Norplant, and Levonova. Drug cross reaction can reduce effectiveness. Side effects include bleeding and amenorrhea. Risk-benefit determination is based on health effects. Possible risks are associated with breast cancer, cervical cancer, blood pressure increase, venous thromboembolism, and heart infarction. Various phases of the reproductive age include young women, lactating women, and women in the later part of the reproductive age. Special groups include those who have experienced ectopic pregnancy, infections (candida, sexually transmitted diseases: chlamydia trachomatis, HIV infections), obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, tumors of the reproductive organs, liver diseases, migraine, epilepsy, surgery, and handicapped women. Postcoital contraception is used only in need, and methods for postcoital contraception include hormonal method and the copper IUD.
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PMID:[Contraception. Recommendations from a group of experts]. 790 65

In Taiwan, there has been an increase in biopsychosocial morbidity among adolescents in the past ten years, but neither an adolescent health care delivery system nor a subspecialty training program in adolescent medicine has been hitherto established. To better understand the characteristics of adolescent patients and their health problems, the sociodemography and health problems of all adolescent patients aged 11 to 21 years who visited the Adolescent Health Clinic twice or more during January, 1994 and December, 1995 at a college hospital, were analysed by reviewing patients' medical records and the adolescent registration records. There were totally 264 adolescent patients with an average age of 18.7 +/- 3.4 years. The number of female adolescents involved in the study (139 persons or 52.7%) was little more than that of male adolescents. Most of the adolescent patients (67.4%) were in late stage of adolescence; in addition, most of them (81.4%) were students. During the 2-year study period, there was a total of 350 independent health problems among 957 office visits made by the 264 patients, averaging 1.3 problems and 2.7 office visits per patient and per problem, respectively. Supplementary classification, mental disorders, and respiratory system diseases were the three leading disease classifications, occupying 66.6% of all disease classifications. General medical examination, upper respiratory tract infection, and immunization were more common among all individual diagnoses. Regarding gender difference in the encountered health problems, hepatitis B, office visiting for counseling, and conductive disorder, were more prominent in the male adolescents, whereas upper respiratory tract infection, goiter, acne vulgaris, peptic ulcer disease, migraine, and eating disorders were more common in the female adolescents. Moreover, the patients in the different stages of adolescence had their unique health problems. It was concluded that there were variations in the health problems encountered among adolescents of different genders and of the different stages of adolescence.
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PMID:Characteristics of adolescent patients and their health problems at an adolescent health clinic. 934 32

Reporting bias represents a major problem in the assessment of health care interventions. Several prominent cases have been described in the literature, for example, in the reporting of trials of antidepressants, Class I anti-arrhythmic drugs, and selective COX-2 inhibitors. The aim of this narrative review is to gain an overview of reporting bias in the medical literature, focussing on publication bias and selective outcome reporting. We explore whether these types of bias have been shown in areas beyond the well-known cases noted above, in order to gain an impression of how widespread the problem is. For this purpose, we screened relevant articles on reporting bias that had previously been obtained by the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care in the context of its health technology assessment reports and other research work, together with the reference lists of these articles.We identified reporting bias in 40 indications comprising around 50 different pharmacological, surgical (e.g. vacuum-assisted closure therapy), diagnostic (e.g. ultrasound), and preventive (e.g. cancer vaccines) interventions. Regarding pharmacological interventions, cases of reporting bias were, for example, identified in the treatment of the following conditions: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease, pain, migraine, cardiovascular disease, gastric ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, atopic dermatitis, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypercholesterolaemia, thyroid disorders, menopausal symptoms, various types of cancer (e.g. ovarian cancer and melanoma), various types of infections (e.g. HIV, influenza and Hepatitis B), and acute trauma. Many cases involved the withholding of study data by manufacturers and regulatory agencies or the active attempt by manufacturers to suppress publication. The ascertained effects of reporting bias included the overestimation of efficacy and the underestimation of safety risks of interventions.In conclusion, reporting bias is a widespread phenomenon in the medical literature. Mandatory prospective registration of trials and public access to study data via results databases need to be introduced on a worldwide scale. This will allow for an independent review of research data, help fulfil ethical obligations towards patients, and ensure a basis for fully-informed decision making in the health care system.
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PMID:Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review. 2038 11

Research has identified a wide range of health conditions related to alcohol and drug use in studies conducted primarily in developed countries and in populations with severe alcohol and drug problems. Little is known about medical conditions in those with less severe alcohol and drug use in developing countries. We used WHO AUDIT and ASSIST screeners to identify hazardous drinking or drug use in public health clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, and included questions about doctor-diagnosed medical conditions. Using logistic regression we examined the relationship of medical conditions to hazardous alcohol, drug and tobacco use. Those with hazardous substance use had higher prevalence of many health conditions including tuberculosis. Hepatitis B, migraine, chronic bronchitis, and liver cirrhosis. Optimal treatment for some medical conditions may include treatment of underlying hazardous substance use, particularly use of drugs other than alcohol. In these populations, access to substance use treatment is limited and even brief interventions or advice may be useful.
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PMID:Medical Conditions of Hazardous Drinkers and Drug Users in Primary Care Clinics in Cape Town, South Africa. 2119 47

Previous reports of comorbid conditions in poliomyelitis survivors mainly focused on some disease categories, such as respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, psychiatric diseases, neurological diseases and cancer. Data regarding a wide spectrum of medical comorbidities in patients with poliomyelitis is still sparse. This study aimed to investigate and profile the wide range of comorbidities among the survivors of paralytic poliomyelitis in a Chinese population. In total, 2,032 paralytic poliomyelitis patients were selected as the study group and the comparison group consisted of 10,160 randomly selected enrollees. The comorbidities for analysis were based on a modified version of the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. Conditional logistic regression analyses were computed to investigate the risk of comorbidities for these two groups. As compared to controls, patients with paralytic poliomyelitis had significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, peripheral vascular disorder, stroke, paralysis, migraines, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, pulmonary circulation disorders, chronic pulmonary disease, liver disease, peptic ulcers, hepatitis B or C, deficiency anemias, depression, and lymphoma. Most of the differences are of clinical interest, ORs often being between 2 and 3. No significant difference between poliomyelitis patients and controls was observed in the prevalence of SLE, tuberculosis, alcohol abuse and drug abuse. Our findings demonstrate that survivors of paralytic poliomyelitis in Taiwan are at higher risk of having multiple medical comorbidities although some potential confounding factors including educational level, marital status, obesity and physical activity are not available in our database. The pattern is generally consistent with previous observations from Western populations. Nevertheless, we found several novel associations which have rarely, if ever, been reported previously.
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PMID:Comorbidity profile of poliomyelitis survivors in a Chinese population: a population-based study. 2127 17