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Query: UMLS:C0019163 (hepatitis B)
 38,309 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A vaccination coverage survey conducted in East Delhi in September 1999 showed that only 58.6 per cent of the children aged 12-23 months had received the full course of the vaccines recommended under the national immunization programme. Coverage with the third dose of DTP and oral polio vaccines was around 71 per cent, and with BCG and measles vaccines was 83 and 59 per cent, respectively. Drop-out rates between DTP1 and DTP3 and between DTP1 and measles immunization were 13.8 and 28.7 per cent, respectively. Nine per cent of the children had not received a single dose of any vaccine. The main reason for failure to immunize was lack of information. There was a marginal increase in DTP3 and OPV3 immunization coverage levels as recorded through a previous survey in 1996, a drop in coverage with measles vaccine from 64.3 to 59 per cent, and a significant increase in tetanus toxoid immunization coverage of pregnant women from 79.4 to 93 per cent. The percentage of children who had not received any vaccine declined from 13 to 9 per cent in the period between the two surveys. Coverage with hepatitis B vaccine at 14 per cent was only marginally higher than the baseline rate of 9 per cent before the vaccine was made available, free of cost, through government and municipal corporation health facilities.
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PMID:Moderate immunization coverage levels in East Delhi: implications for disease control programmes and introduction of new vaccines. 1152 58

Based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization, India as a member-state is likely to implement universal immunization against hepatitis B through the existing Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). A pilot project is already under progress in two municipal zones of Delhi. This paper begins by reviewing epidemiological features of hepatitis B in India, some established aspects and other emerging trends. The gaps in the existing knowledge base are also given due consideration. The current recommendation is to deliver the vaccine at zero-day for infants in the absence of facilities for antenatal screening and immunoglobulin administration. The paper explores the potential pitfalls for integrating the proposed hepatitis B vaccination with the DPT (diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus) schedule. Based on the findings of the National Family Health Survey, the likely coverage for the states is estimated for both the schedules--zero-day and with DPT. The performance of the pilot phase is reviewed through the results of a coverage survey. The paper also estimates the resources that should be committed to launch the universal immunization of hepatitis B vaccination and the sustainability issues thereof. The paper finally concludes with the position that hepatitis B immunization will 'sink or sail' with the UIP. Further, this should act as an engine for recharging the infrastructure and functioning of the public health system and promote general preventive practices like universal precautions.
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PMID:The sustainability of hepatitis B immunization within the Universal Immunization Programme in India. 1186 91

The Rajiv Gandhi Foundation (RGF), together with the AIMS-affiliated NGO AIDS Cell, Delhi, held a workshop as part of an effort to raise a 90-doctor RGF AIDS workforce which will work together with nongovernmental organizations on AIDS prevention, control, and management. 25 general practitioners registered with the Indian Medical Council, who have practiced medicine in Delhi for the past 10-20 years, responded to a pre-program questionnaire on HIV-related knowledge and attitudes. 6 out of the 25 physicians did not know what the acronym AIDS stands for, extremely low awareness of the clinical aspects of the disease was revealed, 9 believed in the conspiracy theory of HIV development and accidental release by the US Central Intelligence Agency, 8 believed that AIDS is a problem of only the promiscuous, 18 did not know that the mode of HIV transmission is similar to that of the hepatitis B virus, 12 were unaware that HIV-infected people will test HIV-seronegative during the first three months after initial infection and that they will develop symptoms of full-blown AIDS only after 10 years, 10 did not know the name of even one drug used to treat the disease, 3 believed aspirin to be an effective drug against AIDS, many believed fantastic theories about the modes of HIV transmission, and many were acutely homophobic. Efforts were made to clear misconceptions about HIV during the workshop. It is hoped that participating doctors' attitudes about AIDS and the high-risk groups affected by it were also improved.
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PMID:Fatal ignorance. 1229 19

Hepatitis B virus is the world's most common blood borne viral infection. Occupational risk of Hepatitis B infection is well known in medical and dental workers especially during the professional training period. The present study was conducted among medical students of a Medical College in Delhi to assess their knowledge regarding Hepatitis B. A questionnaire was administered to the first, third and final year medical students regarding Hepatitis B vaccine, disease, and mode of spread, sequel and prevention. The knowledge regarding all aspects was maximum amongst the final year students as compared to first and third years. Knowledge regarding the booster dose of vaccine, transmission through formites, universal precautions for prevention was not good. There is need for strengthening in these areas and training in these should be started at the earliest.
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PMID:Do our medical students have enough knowledge of Hepatitis B ? A Delhi based study. 1470 57

This study was designed to evaluate the seroprevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection, its impact, and its relationship with other hepatotropic viruses among chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi. The study group consisted of 100 consecutive cases of patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis and equal healthy controls matched for age and sex. The patients were included on the basis of detailed history, clinical examination, and liver function profile. HGV RNA was detected in serum samples of all patients as well as of healthy controls using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The primers used were derived from the NS3 helicase region of the viral genome. Serological assay was used for screening the viral markers for hepatitis B and C (HbsAg and Anti HCV). A history of blood transfusion was recorded in 65% of the cases. HGV RNA was detected in only six out of 100 (6%) cases of chronic renal failure. The seroprevalence of HCV infection was detected in 27 (27%), while HBV infection was seen in 10 (10%) out of 100 cases. The mixed infection of HGV and HCV was seen in 33.3% (two out of six) of the chronic renal failure cases, while the coinfection between HGV and HBV was not observed. In the 100 cases of healthy controls, HGV RNA was detected in only three (3%) subjects. Serological markers for Anti HCV antibody and HbsAg were positive in only one (1%) and two (2%) of the subjects, respectively. The seroprevalence of HGV infection in chronic renal failure was found to be statistically nonsignificant when compared to that of healthy controls. Also, there was no difference in clinical course and liver function profile of HGV-positive and HGV-negative cases. However, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly out of range in HCV-positive patients compared with HCV-negative patients. The presence of HGV infection reflected a postparental exposure to blood and blood-contaminated products in hemodialysis patients. It is suggested that HGV infection in cases of chronic renal failure is unlikely to influence the course of the disease and may be considered an innocent bystander.
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PMID:Hepatitis G virus infection in hemodialysis patients from urban Delhi. 1571 40

Hepatitis C virus is considered to be the main aetiological agent responsible for the occurrence of post-transfusion hepatitis. Patients with thalassaemia acquire hepatitis most often from viruses contracted through blood transfusions. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in thalassaemic patients with multiple blood transfusions. The association of HCV seropositivity with number of blood transfusions and liver enzyme profile was also analysed. The study group consisted of fifty patients (40 males and 10 females) attending the thalassaemic unit of Lok Nayak Hospital, a tertiary care hospital at Delhi, within the age group of 1-25 years. Thirty patients (60%) were found to be seropositive for HCV antibodies while one patient (2%) was co-infected with HCV antibodies and hepatitis B surface antigen. Study of liver enzyme profile showed aspartate aminotransferase levels to be significantly higher, although the level of serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, bilirubin and albumin were not significantly altered in these patients. It is inferred from this study that 60% of the thalassaemics were infected with HCV and this was directly related to the number of blood transfusions received by them. The regularised national blood policy followed by blood banks for providing safe blood along with better screening method of donated blood in blood banks would bring down the incidence of hepatitis C in such high risk group.
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PMID:Anti-HCV seropositivity among multiple transfused patients with beta thalassaemia. 1600 15

Transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) has been reported from a number of hemodialysis (HD) units from various countries throughout the world. TTV has been associated with liver diseases, viral hepatitis B, and C. Clinical details and information regarding TTV prevalence from India are insufficient. The prevalence and clinical significance of TTV infection were studied in New Delhi, India in HD patients. Serum samples were derived from 75 patients on maintenance HD, and 75 age- and sex-matched voluntary blood donors were examined for TTV viremia by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers derived from UTR (A) region of the TTV genome. The prevalence of TTV DNA in patients on HD (83%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in blood donors (43%). Clinical background including the mean age, sex, mean duration of HD, and mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels did not differ significantly between TTV DNA-positive and -negative HD patients. Fifty-four (72%) TTV-positive HD patients and 7 (56%) TTV-negative HD patients had blood transfusion histories (p>0.05). Among TTV-positive patients, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection was present in 14.2% cases while hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection was absent. Persistent elevation of ALT levels was observed in 7(9.3%) HD patients; 3 (43%) of them were TTV positive and 4 (57%) were TTV negative (p>0.05). All 3 TTV-positive patients with elevated ALT levels were co-infected with HBV. Patients with TTV infection alone showed normal ALT levels. Prevalence of TTV infection is high in North Indian patients on maintenance HD. Also, none of the exclusively TTV DNA-positive patients had clinical or biochemical signs of liver disease. TTV seems to spread through parenteral routes. More often, TTV seems to be associated with parenterally transmitted virus HBV, indicating a parenteral mode of TTV transmission. The pathogenicity of TTV remains unclear from the present study.
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PMID:Prevalence of transfusion-transmitted virus infection in patients on maintenance hemodialysis from New Delhi, India. 1621 56

Data from India on hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype related differences in clinical progression and outcome of acute and fulminant hepatitis B are limited. Sera from patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB) (n=80), fulminant hepatitis B (FHB) (n=40) and asymptomatic HBsAg carriers (ASC) (n=40) were tested for HBV genotype using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and type-specific primers-based PCR (TSP-PCR). The genotype distribution for 160 patients with HBV related hepatitis/carriers were as follows: A, 3/80 (3.7%) in AHB, 2/40 (5%) in FHB and 7/40 (17.5%) in ASC; D, 77/80 (96.2%) in AHB, 38/40 (95%) in FHB and 33/40 (82.5%) in ASC. C, 0; B, 0; E, 0; F, 0 (p<0.01, genotype D versus A). Compared with genotype D, genotype A patients had no significant clinical or biochemical differences (p>0.05). HBV genotypes A and D were found to be prevalent in patients with HBV related acute and fulminant hepatitis from New Delhi, India. Genotype D was the dominant genotype prevalent in all patient categories while genotype A was solely responsible for AHB leading to chronic hepatitis B in 3.7% of the cases from this region.
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PMID:Hepatitis B virus genotypes in acute and fulminant hepatitis patients from north India using two different molecular genotyping approaches. 1662 85

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to find out co-prevalence of various infectious markers like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Syphilis infection amongst a cohort of injecting drug users (IDUs) in the city of Delhi. A total of 246 IDUs were enrolled during the 3 months period of the study. The results revealed a high prevalence of the viral markers studied i.e., HBV-39.59%, HCV-36.45%, HIV-36.99% and Syphilis-6.09%. A single marker infection was detected amongst 9.14% for HBV, 8.37% for HCV, 4.87% for HIV and 0.83% for Syphilis in samples tested for multiple markers. All the four markers could be detected in 1.76%. Amongst 11.16% and 27.9% of these samples, three and two markers respectively could be detected. The study revealed the problem of IV drug use and high prevalence of infectious markers including HIV in certain populations of Delhi and emphasizes the need for relevant interventions in these localised pockets.
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PMID:A cross sectional serological study of the co-infection of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus amongst a cohort of IDUs at Delhi. 1764 45

This study was designed to determine the prevalence, forms of transmission, mutational profile and viral load at baseline of hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers in Delhi. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients were enrolled and evaluated clinically for liver function, serological markers for hepatitis B and HBV DNA quantitation. Tests were carried out again 1 year later and the results were compared. Liver biopsy was carried out on all carriers with active viral replication. HBV DNA-positive samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction single-stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) to screen mutations in the Precore, core, and the X-gene prior to sequencing analysis. Among the 100 patients examined, HBeAg was detected in 23% and 40% were HBV DNA-positive. Of the 40 HBV DNA-positive cases, 8 had precore/core mutations, [G1896A (10%), T2066A (12.5%), T2050C (10%), and G1888A (7.5%)]. No X gene mutants were detected. Reduction in viral load was higher in HBeAg-positive patients, as compared to HBeAg-negative patients, over 1 year. At follow-up, 2/8 HBV mutants corresponded with altered liver function and morphological changes suggestive of chronic hepatitis. One patient was re-designated as DNA-negative on follow-up and had wild-type virus infection with a relatively low viral load. The predominant route for HBV transmission was determined to be parenteral. Twenty percent of the HBV carriers were infected with precore and core mutant HBV. Although the clinical and biochemical profiles of these HBV carriers remained largely stable on follow-up, there was evidence of spontaneous reduction in the mean viral load over the 1-year study period.
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PMID:Analysis of carriers of hepatitis B virus from a tertiary referral hospital: does the viral load change during the natural course of infection? 2152 Jan 37


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